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Pages: 110-115
Anit Dubey and A.K Singhal (Department of Commerce, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

The purpose of this research is to examine the role of organizational structure in employee's empowerment and the required factors in order to propose an appropriate approach for empowerment of employees. According to earlier researches related to employees empowerment consists of four traits of competence, self-determination, meaningfulness and effectiveness. Organizational structure, as one of the most important constituents of an organization will impact on its every internal process, including human resources and particularly employees' empowerment A model was designed based on the literature, linking factors of employee empowerment in an organizational structure The literature and various studies concluded that: the organizational structures plays very vital role in employee's empowerment ,more the empowerment and recognition of employees in an organization is increased, more will their motivation to work will enhance. Also there exists a positive relationship between employees and organization. The more the employees are motive to tasks accomplishment higher will the organizational performance and success. The study focuses on the practice and observance of the two main factors, empowerment and the organization structures for enhancing employee empowerment which leads to organizational effectiveness. The organizations should design their rules, policies and organizational structures that give space to the employee to work well and appreciate them on their tasks fulfillment and achievements. This will surely lead to organizational growth.

Pages: 110-115Anit Dubey and A.K Singhal (Department of Commerce, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

Pages: 105-109
Rekha Singh (N.L. Dalmia Institute of Management Studies and Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

In today's time when the employees working environment requires continuous presence at work place, development and implementation of engagement strategy is very important. Understanding the drivers of employee engagement can help the organization to develop a culture which attracts, retain and engage employees on their preferred work avenues physically and mentally. The present paper explored the various studies done on employee engagement. The main objective was to understand and explore on the drivers which can lead to employee engagement. After examining the various research studies it was concluded that the factors like employee empowerment, creativity, governance, training, flexible welfare policies, employee involvement programs, individual spirituality, job satisfaction, procedural justice, servant leadership style, Internal communication, personality, leadership communication styles, clear career growth opportunities, CSR activities, organization and supervision support, emotional intelligent competencies, Age etc. can lead to employee engagement. The organization have to focus on all above factors to increase the employee engagement in the organization.

Pages: 105-109Rekha Singh (N.L. Dalmia Institute of Management Studies and Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra)

Pages: 102-104
Harini Jayaraman and Poornima B. (Co-researcher, Language Acquisition, LAMED, Chennai )
Arunkumar A. (Chief Ideator, LAMED, Chennai)

Each student of foreign language has a different level of motivation to learn the language. This paper examines the motivation level of 191 students (between the ages of 15 and 55 years) of an international French language and culture institution. A self-reported questionnaire by Vivian Cook was used for the assessment. Five dimensions of language motivation were measured; Self-Image, Inhibition, Risk Taking, Ego Permeability and Ambiguity. The average score that the participant obtained in these five dimensions was termed the 'overall language motivation score'. Motivation levels were classified as high (48-64), above average (36-47), average (16-34) and low (below 15). The data was collected during the period of March-May 2015 and analyzed using SPSS 20. Results showed that motivation levels were; high (n=0), above average (n=35, 18.3%), average (n=155, 81.1%) and low (n=1, 0.5%). The study revealed that the majority of students lack overall motivation in learning the language, which is a factor for increasing attrition rates in higher levels of language learning. Foreign language learning classrooms should concentrate on reinforcing the intrinsic motivation through techniques that extrinsically motivate students. Further studies are required to qualitatively analyze the motivating factors and the reasons for attrition.

Pages: 102-104Harini Jayaraman and Poornima B. (Co-researcher, Language Acquisition, LAMED, Chennai )Arunkumar A. (Chief Ideator…

Pages: 99-101
Priyankar Singha and Souvik Raychoudhury (Department of Psychology, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bangal)

The present study deals with job satisfaction in private sector and public sector employees of India. Attempts were also made to assess their subjective sense of well being and level of happiness. The sample size was 700 divided into 2 groups i.e., private sector and public sector. Each group was consisted respondents age ranging between 25-50 years and having minimum 2 years of job experience. The data were collected from several departments i.e., IT sector, BPO sector, social development sector, educational sector, cultural sector, banking sector and multinational company sector as private sector and educational sector, banking sector, railway sector, medical sector, non IAS-IPS sector, clerical sector and defence sector as public sector. The results reveals that public sector employees were found to be more satisfied than the private sector employees in their job. In case of subjective sense of well being and level of happiness the mean of public sector employees were also found to be greater than the mean of private sector employees. Furthermore, significant correlation has been found between job satisfaction and level of happiness and between job satisfaction and sense of well being of the employees.

Pages: 99-101Priyankar Singha and Souvik Raychoudhury (Department of Psychology, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bangal)

Pages: 95-98
Ketaki Sodhi, Mahi Luthra, and Dhvani Mehta (Department of Applied Psychology and Counselling Centre, University of Mumbai, Mumbai)

Flow is the state of consciousness wherein one is completely absorbed in one's activities, to the exclusion of all other thoughts and feelings. Being an experience of energized focus, low anxiety, and total enjoyment, it is the point of perfect harmony within the mind. This study investigated the achievement of flow in competitive versus non-competitive situations and its interaction with task difficulty. The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that performance on a task is influenced by the inverse interaction between competition and difficulty, and we predicted a similar pattern for flow. Thirty-two participants performed word search puzzle tasks manipulated on two levels of difficulty; completing them either under competitive conditions (where participants, in groups of four, were informed that they would be ranked against each other) or non-competitive conditions (where participants were simply instructed to perform the task to the best of their abilities). Supporting our hypothesis, results indicated an extremely significant interaction between competition and difficulty (p < .001); competitive conditions produce greater flow for easy tasks and non-competitive conditions for difficult tasks. However, on closer examination, we found gender differences in this interaction pattern while females adhered to this Yerkes-Dodson interaction, males showed greater flow for competitive tasks regardless of task difficulty. The implications of these findings enable educators to identify whether certain learning tasks are more conducive to competitive or non-competitive situations for the achievement of flow, depending on task difficulty and gender.

Pages: 95-98Ketaki Sodhi, Mahi Luthra, and Dhvani Mehta (Department of Applied Psychology and Counselling Centre…

Pages: 91-94
Karandeep Kaur (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala)

The purpose of this study was to examine Machiavellianism and job satisfaction among secondary school teachers. A sample of 181 secondary school teachers was selected randomly from various government and private schools of Patiala and Mansa districts. The data was collected using hindi version of Mach IV scale by Rai & Gupta (1987) and Job Satisfaction Scale by Dixit (1992). To test the hypothesis 't' test and annova one way was calculated. Result showed that there was no significant gender and locale differences but significant teaching experience difference in Machiavellianism. Results further also revealed that there was no significant gender differences but significant locale difference and teaching experience difference in job satisfaction and there was significant and negative correlation between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction among secondary school.

Pages: 91-94Karandeep Kaur (Department of Education and Community Service, Punjabi University, Patiala)

Pages: 85-90
Priyamvada Shrivastava and Gokaran Janghel (SoS Psychology, Pt. R. S. S. University Raipur, C.G.)
Sudhanshu Bhatt (School of Regional Studies & Research Pt. R. S. S. University Raipur, Chhatisgarh)

To find out psychological reasons of dropout in the elementary and middle school going students in Chhattisgarh state (Raipur and Jashpur district). The sample size of study consists of 400 students .They were selected from different schools (primary & middle school) in session 2013-14 in Raipur &Jashpur districts. The sample size for study was selected on the basis of stratified random sampling technique in the rural and urban areas of different blocks of Raipur and Jashpur district Chhattisgarh. The survey type of research design is applying to data collection in the present study. The main components in a student education are student himself, parents & teachers. Thus to find out reasons of students drop out from the school, questionnaires were prepared to know the perception of student related to CPR (Child Parent Relationship), PF (peer factor), IS (interest in studies), TSR (teacher student relationship). An attempt was made to find out the students opinion on these aspects which may force them to dropout from the school. The factors related to student dropout were also examined. For this purpose MANOVA was computed. present study showed following factors responsible for dropouts :- migration, low interest in studies for student and parents, economic conditions for parents, lack of basic facilities in home, education level of parents, lack of fear for parents and teachers, and lack of respect for teacher and parents.

Pages: 85-90Priyamvada Shrivastava and Gokaran Janghel (SoS Psychology, Pt. R. S. S. University Raipur, C.G.)Sudhanshu…

Pages: 79-84
Pankaj Suvera (Department of Psychology, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat )

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of Types of students, sex and types of faculty of the college students on sexual attitude. The sample for the study comprised of 120 Tribal and 120 Non-Tribal college students from Arravalli and Sabarkantha District. Tribal and Non-Tribal college students were selected from various Arts and Science college in Arravalli and Sabarkantha. Personal data sheet and Abraham, (1997) sexual attitude scale were used to collect the required data. 2x2x2 factorial design was planned where types of students, sex and types of faculty were considered as independent variables and sexual attitude as dependent variables. Accordingly, 2x2x2 ANOVA was carried out to test the hypothesis. Results revealed significant difference between Tribal and Non-Tribal College students on sexual attitude. The non-tribal college student's sexual attitude is more than the tribal college students. The male college student's sexual attitude is more than the female college students. The Science college student's sexual attitude is more than the Arts college students. There is significant mean interaction effect of the sexual attitude in the types of student and sex of the college students. There is significant mean interaction effect of the sexual attitude in the types of student and types of faculty of the college students. The interaction effects (B x C) and (A x B x C) are not significant

Pages: 79-84Pankaj Suvera (Department of Psychology, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat )

Pages: 75-78
Pankaj Singh, Sudha Ojha and Lata Rana (NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Digdoh Hills, Nagpur, Maharashtra)

The Present study to evaluate the level of job satisfaction among the Post graduate students (MD) at NKPSIMS & LMH Nagpur. It also examines the job interest and ability according to post graduate students and which factors affect on job satisfaction. Sample for the study include 169 PG students. Both categories were chosen randomly from the NKPSIMS & LMH Nagpur. The study was conducted between June 2015- September 2015 (3 months), using Job Value Questionnaire-by Dr. SanghiSeema. The data were analysed with the help of ANOVA test, F ratio 2.558098 is larger than the F crit value 3.013609 .The F crit (3.013609) is the critical value as extracted from the f-distribution in statistical tables based on two values of degrees of freedom df of 2 and 504. p> 0.05 , can't reject the null hypothesis (Means are same and as we can see the mean level of the Jr1 Students (Job Value Questionnaire) 134.645, is lower than that of the Jr 2 Students (Job Value Questionnaire) 144.645, and Jr 3 (Job Value Questionnaire) 138.224. The level of Job value questionnaire, satisfaction is very low in the PGs at tertiary care teaching Institute and this dissatisfaction can negatively affect their career as well as precious patients' lives. The major factors contributing to this dissatisfaction were lack of interest and ability in the subject and inadequate working conditions.

Pages: 75-78Pankaj Singh, Sudha Ojha and Lata Rana (NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Digdoh…

Pages: 65-74
Archana Shukla (Director AIBAS and Dean-Faculty of Arts Amity University, Manesar, Haryana)
Pooja Tripathi (Pursuing MPH-Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA)

Effects of two demographic variables sex and length of service are explored on satisfaction with 11 job aspects of HIV/AIDS counselors working at Integrated Counseling and Testing Centers in India. Data from 653 counselors are collected by Counseling Supervisors in face-to-face personal interviews and are analyzed using 2 x 4 ANOVAs. Results revealed that male counselors are more satisfied than female counselors with salary; fresh counselors within less than one year of counseling job are the most satisfied group with respect to five job aspects; counselors with 1-3 years of length of service are the least satisfied group; and that except for those with 4-6 years of HIV/AIDS counseling service behind them, male counselors in all the other three groups with varying length of service are more satisfied with the amount of recognition that they get in their jobs in comparison to the female counselors. The study also revealed that as a group, HIV/AIDS counselors are least satisfied with security, salary and work-to-pay ratio underscoring the need for revising the same while also putting in place some job enrichment strategies to motivate the high performing counselors and retain them at the ICTCs.

Pages: 65-74Archana Shukla (Director AIBAS and Dean-Faculty of Arts Amity University, Manesar, Haryana)Pooja Tripathi (Pursuing…

Pages: 60-64
Sugandh Dixit (Department of Psychology, Duquesne University, USA)

The past two to three decades have witnessed an increased involvement of children and youth as researchers and a flourishing of related methodologies. This has resulted in a shift in research ethos, where researchers are interested in working with children rather than on them. These new trends have partly been a consequence of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). The present paper provides a comprehensible theoretical distinction between doing psychology “on” and doing psychology “with” children. An approach of working with children values and credits their opinions, perceptions, evaluations, and aspirations, whereas working on children implicitly or explicitly adheres to a biologically focused stage-like developmental models in which children are not positioned as competent social actors. The paper elaborates on the philosophical, epistemological, methodological practices, and potential outcomes that characterize these two ways of doing psychology. The paper unpacks the theoretical understandings present in the work of philosophers such as Merelau-Ponty, Gadamer, Foucault, and Freire that can be adopted by researchers who aspire to work with children as active researchers.

Pages: 60-64Sugandh Dixit (Department of Psychology, Duquesne University, USA)

Pages: 54-59
Sumaiya Anwar and Safina Binte Enayet (Psychosocial Counselor and Lecturer, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh)

The Paper is a qualitative report, attempting to collate and consolidate information about various mental health issues that were brought up by students (adolescents) of BRAC University for Counseling and Therapy sessions. Since parents are an important dynamic in a child's life, the paper seeks to list corresponding perspectives and strategies typically adopted by parents in dealing with issues with their children. The paper also records representative examples of parental attitudes and the interventions provided at the level of parents for handling issues faced by their children. The objective of classifying and listing of interventions is to identify, explore and refine methods and techniques towards better management of such issues and provide suitable resolution and amelioration to participants in the counseling situations. The paper also argues for co-opting parents in the counseling sessions for young adults and creating positive references about Counseling among them. The sample consisted of 100 parents of first year students of BRAC University. Qualitative research methodology was used for collecting data. . The result showed that, the parents agreed that psychosocial counseling service contributed to student's success and their mental health wellbeing.

Pages: 54-59Sumaiya Anwar and Safina Binte Enayet (Psychosocial Counselor and Lecturer, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh)
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