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Pages: 130-133
Pratishtha Verma, Surabhi Mahajan, and Devinder Kaur (Department of Apparel and Textile Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

Macramé is the art of knotting yarns without using needles and hooks. In the current study, five macramé dresses were developed using different textile waste material. The selection of textile waste was done through an expert panel. The selected textile waste was cotton thread, chiffon fabric, artificial leather, wool thread and satin ribbon respectively. Handmade pencil sketches were made for each dress. The selection of colour combination, dress length, sleeve length and macramé knots were on the basis of suitability and availability of textile waste and latest fashion trends. The dresses were constructed on 34” size dress form and their cost price was calculated. A profit percent of 40 was added to cost of each dress to calculate the estimated selling price which lied in the range Rs. 1,200 - 2,200. To determine the suitability of the estimated selling price and overall appeal of the constructed dresses, a questionnaire was developed and administered in the sample space with a sample size of 30. Cotton thread and artificial leather dress was adjudged as excellent by the respondents, while dress made from wool thread was assessed as very good and dresses constructed from chiffon and satin ribbon were considered as good. The estimated selling price of all the constructed macramé dresses was considered appropriate except for artificial leather dress which was adjudged as low priced. Hence, the dresses developed from textile waste using macramé technique were cost-effective and aesthetically appealing and could be used as income generating new idea in macramé enterprise.

Pages: 130-133Pratishtha Verma, Surabhi Mahajan, and Devinder Kaur (Department of Apparel and Textile Science, Punjab…

Pages: 125-129
Bhawana Asnani (Polytechnic in Home Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat)

A study was carried out in selected areas of Amreli Taluka in Gujarat, India to find out the most drudgery prone tasks in animal husbandry and health hazards associated with it. It was elicited that most drudgery prone activities experienced by farm women in animal husbandry were cleaning of cattle shed, cutting and collecting fodder from field, feeding of animals, cleaning of cattle, milking, chaffing fodder and preparing dung cakes to use as fuel. Most of the health hazards like zoonotic infections, fatigue, injuries/ infections in hand or palms, body ache and skin problems were experienced by farm women while carrying out different activities of Animal Husbandry. Since all these operations were done manually, the efficiency of women was low along with considerable physical and mental fatigue and health problems. A couple of low cost, easy to operate tools and technologies were promoted among farm women which were rake, shovel, wheel barrow, sickle, milking stool and chaff cutter. The physiological cost of work on ergonomic parameters indicated that physiological cost of work in terms of heart rate and energy expenditure did not exceed acceptable limits with use of improved technologies while increased output considerably. The MSD's also reduced in intensity. Thus, promotion of improved technologies in Animal Husbandry reduced drudgery and improved health, efficiency and safety of the women workers.

Pages: 125-129Bhawana Asnani (Polytechnic in Home Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat)

Pages: 121-124
S. Sowmya and T. Samsai (Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)

In India, 80% of the diseases are water-borne and 60-80% children suffer from this. 50000 people die every day due to water contamination with 8 million cases of typhoid every year in India. Packaged drinking water industry is at a whooping rate of growth with nearly 200 brands in India, 80% being local. So the consumers need to be diligent in brand selection. The present paper aims to study the brand preference of consumers in Coimbatore City. Totally 120 consumers were selected by convenience sampling method in Coimbatore City. Percentage analysis, Garrett's ranking and Likert analysis were used to study the brand preference and factors influencing the purchase of packaged drinking water and to examine the brand loyalty and brand switching behavior of consumers. The study indicated that Bisleri and Siruvani were the most preferred brands. Quality, taste and comparatively lower price were the important factors which influenced the purchase of packaged drinking water. The brand name acts as a vital source for preference of brands. The consumers remain loyal as long as the brand is available in their local market and there is a consistency in price.

Pages: 121-124S. Sowmya and T. Samsai (Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural…

Pages: 118-120
Virender Singh, Ashok Kumar, and Krishan Yadav (Department of Extension Education, CSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Rajesh Kumar (ATP O/o ADP, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Anil Malik (Department of Extension Education, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
Rajinder Kumar (Assistant Librarian, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) is known as king of fruits. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae and genus Mangifera. In Haryana, the maximum area under mango cultivation is in Yamunanagar district with 5419 hectare followed by Ambala, Panchkula, and Karnal. The production of mango in Yamunanagar is 60.02 thousand MT. The present study was conducted in Yamunanagar district of Haryana. This area was selected purposely because of maximum area under mango fruit crops. Further two blocks, Chhachhrauli and Jagadhari were selected purposively from Yamunanagar district and from each block two villages were selected randomly and thereby a total number of four villages was selected for data collection. Thirty mango grower farmers were selected randomly from each village for the study and thus, a total number of 120 farmers were interviewed. The specific objectives of the present study were socio-economic status, knowledge, adoption and the constraints in adoption of post-harvest management practices by mango growers. The data were collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule..Twelve important independent variables such as age, education, socio-economic status, caste, family size, occupation of respondents, annual income, land holdings, farm implements, mass media exposure, extension contacts, and irrigation facilities were selected for the study. The study revealed that majority of the farmers were middle aged and belonged to general caste, more than half of the respondents were educated matric to graduate and one-third of respondents had family members up to 5. Most of them were engaged in farming and nearly two-third per cent of the respondents had annual income above Rs. 1 lakh. More than half of the farmers belonged to medium to high level of socio-economic status. Majority of the farmers belonged to low to medium level of mass media and extension contacts. More than half of the farmers used tube well as source of irrigation.

Pages: 118-120Virender Singh, Ashok Kumar, and Krishan Yadav (Department of Extension Education, CSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)Rajesh…

Pages: 114-117
Meenu Singh, Rashmi Tyagi, and Praveen Kumar (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

India is a country of 121 crores of residents and among them about 104 million persons are elderly persons having 53 million females and 51 million males. Ages wise about, 76,622,321 people are of 60 years and above constituting 7.5 per cent of the total population. It is interesting to note that there is increase in the number of elderly females over elderly males as per the census data of 2011 as compared to male elderly population during 1991. Out of the total elderly population, about 73 million persons (71%) are residing in rural areas and while 31 million (29%) are in urban areas. The study was conducted in Hisar district of Haryana State. Samples of 120 Aged men were selected randomly from Hisar and Hansi Block randomly. The study revealed that the home environment put a great impact on the old aged person morale, psychological and health. Residential facilities make elderly people life easy and happy. They feel confident and protected in their home. After getting a good environment in the home, aged perception is changed towards their family members and society. The analysis of nature and extent of the problem of aged revealed that majority of respondent's home environment in accordance to their wishes and the family atmosphere was also favorable to them.

Pages: 114-117Meenu Singh, Rashmi Tyagi, and Praveen Kumar (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Pages: 109-113
Kassa Gulie Worku, Alemayehu Bishaw Tamiru, and Solomon Melese Mengiste (Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum, Studies, College of Education and Behavioral sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, East Africa)

This study was focused on perceived practices Bahir Dar University (BDU) instructors have in multicultural education strategies and the challenges they are facing while putting the these strategies into effect. In so doing,54 instructors were selected purposefully from two colleges and two faculties, namely Science and Education and behavioral science colleges, and humanities and social science faculties respectively. The researcher employed qualitative research approach and open ended questionnaire was designed and used as data gathering tool. In this present study, instructors in BDU have mentioned tremendous factors that would have influenced both their practices of and their attitudes to multicultural education strategies which could be possibly categorized as attitudinal problems, knowledge and skills related problems, lack of experiences, awareness and lack of training on curriculum issues as well as limited physical facilities and resources. Besides instructors were found to be unable to employ diversity sensitive pedagogy during their planning, instruction and evaluation are reported to be serious problems most of them have been shown regardless of their experiences. In addition, interviewed student teachers and instructors have confirmed the existence of the problems that have been revealed from the open ended questionnaire results. Finally based on the findings, brief summary, conclusions and recommendations were forwarded

Pages: 109-113Kassa Gulie Worku, Alemayehu Bishaw Tamiru, and Solomon Melese Mengiste (Department of Teacher Education…

Pages: 106-108
Subhash Chander, Vinod Kumari, and Rashmi Tyagi (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Crime against women has been a bane of India's development efforts. With arcane customs like sex being a taboo in India, Sati, and Dowry, and the overall lower status of women further exacerbates these crimes. The study was conducted on 200 rural women in Kurukshetra district of Haryana state. Data were collected from 12 villages with well structured interview schedule as per objectives of the study. It was found from the field of the study that maximum number of the respondents (43.0%) had low level of knowledge about laws related to crime against women followed by medium level of knowledge (31.0%) and high (26.0%). More than one-third of the respondents (38.0%) had maximum knowledge about Rape, Section 376 IPC followed by Kidnapping and Abduction, Sec. 359-369 (35.5%) and Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (35.0%). Factors like age, caste, education, occupation, mass media exposure and socio-economic status of the respondents were found significantly associated with level of knowledge about laws related to crime against women. It was also suggested that Efforts are needed to make rural women more aware about different laws related to crime against women and knowledge should be imparted to them through trainings.

Pages: 106-108Subhash Chander, Vinod Kumari, and Rashmi Tyagi (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Pages: 102-105
Ashok Kumar (Department of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)
P. S. Shehrawat and Anil Malik (Department of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)
Rajesh Kumar (ATP O/o ADP, CCS Haryana, Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)
Rajender Kumar (Assistant Librarian, CCS Haryana Agricultural, University, Hisar, Haryana)

Knowledge and information are the most essential inputs of the era and must be effectively communicated to the farmers to respond successfully to the opportunities and challenges of social economic and technological changes for the improvement of agricultural productivity, food security and rural livelihoods. Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) came into existence at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in February 2002. Since then it is providing free advisory to the farming community of the state on various aspect of agriculture and allied fields. The present study was conducted for identify the problem of cotton growers by using of toll free number of ATIC . farmers call on the toll free number of ATIC per month. Majority of the callers are from Haryana state. The cotton growers were selected from the list available in ATIC by using random sampling from district Hisar and Sirsa, two leading cotton growing districts of Haryana. It was concluded that the more call from Hisar District compare to Sirsa District. 45.00 percent and 37.50 percent of the cotton growers identified the major problem related to Insect-pest identified by Hisar and Sirsa District respectively.

Pages: 102-105Ashok Kumar (Department of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana)P. S. Shehrawat…

Pages: 99-101
Ruchi and Subhash Chander (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Agricultural farmers in Hisar and Kaithal district are facing many challenges in accessing financial services as they have limited access to financial markets. Despite the numerous reforms undertaken by the Government including financial sector reforms, many rural farmers have remained in poverty with limited capacity to access safety nets like loans to fight against hunger and disease. This paper is aiming to find out nature and types of loan that affect farmer's decision to access agricultural finance. A survey was conducted in Hisar and Kaithal district on 160 debted respondents. Employing random sampling techniques, a pre-tested questionnaire was administered. The data was collected through interviews as most of them are reluctant to fill the form. Results indicated that nearly three-fifth of the respondents (58.75%) took the crop loan from institution sources and term loan (41.25%) respectively. Even 25.00% of the respondents took both types of loan (term & crop loans). Two-third of the respondents (67.50%) took the loan for crop expenses. On the other hand, 34.38% and 11.25% availed the loan for purchasing of machinery and equipment and for livestock, respectively.

Pages: 99-101Ruchi and Subhash Chander (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Pages: 95-98
Renu, C. K. Singh, and Priyanka Beniwal (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, COHS, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Family is a shelter for every civil in the world, each family environment influence on their members, family consists many factors such as culture, facility of the family standard of living in family. The growth and development of each person of the family member is dependent on family. Adolescence is a process, rather than a period of achieving the desired growth, attitude, beliefs and methods for effective participation in society as an emerging adult. The way in which adolescents develop and exercise their personal efficacy during this transitional period can play a key role in setting the course their life paths take. The study was conducted with the aim to find the level of family environment of adolescent girls' across residential area. The study was conducted in Hisar district of Haryana state where two Government Senior Secondary Schools from rural area and two from urban area were selected. From each of the four selected schools of rural and urban area of Hisar, all girls of 14-16 year were included in final sample. The Family Climate Scale (FCS) developed by Shah (2001) was used to assess family environment of adolescent girls. Results indicated that adolescents from urban area get better family environment as compared to adolescents from rural area.

Pages: 95-98Renu, C. K. Singh, and Priyanka Beniwal (Department of Human Development and Family Studies…

Pages: 91-94
Shakshi Bisht and Vandana Verma Trar (Department Extension Education and Communication Management, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

Education and empowerment has confirmatory relationship. The various issues that hinder upliftment of women are illiteracy, child marriage, female feticide and gender discrimination. To overcome these issues and situations women empowerment is necessary. The study was carried out in two localities of Hisar city of Haryana state on randomly selected seventy non-working women comprises of housewives. With the help of an interview schedule data was collected regarding newspaper readership of women issues relating to Beti Bachao Beti Padhao programme. Majority of respondents were young, i.e., up to 30 years in age, educated upto primary level (30%) closely followed by graduates (29%), majority of women were married (64%) having joint family (57%) with small family size (39%). Majority of respondents had service (46%) as family occupation with monthly family income between 25,000 to 50,000 Indian rupees (32%).Significant association was found between age, education and marital status with readership behaviour of respondents.

Pages: 91-94Shakshi Bisht and Vandana Verma Trar (Department Extension Education and Communication Management, CCSHAU, Hisar…

Pages: 82-90
Meenu Singh, Rashmi Tyagi, and Praveen Kumar (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

It has been stated that by 2030, the elderly will constitute 21% of the total world population (Strydom, 2005). The increasing elderly population around the world is one of the most challenging issues in the health and welfare fields and aging is discussed as a universal phenomenon (Gates, 2000). individual and continues till death. The present study was carried out in Hisar district of Haryana state. From Hisar district, two blocks Hansi and Hisar were selected randomly. From each village random selection of 30 respondents was done having age between 60 and above 80 years. The total sample was 120 respondents from two blocks and four villages. Non-significant association was found between marital status and level of social problems. Analysis revealed that relatively more number of respondent who were married (85%) had medium level (96.10%) of social problem and widower (14.17%) were facing medium level and low level of social problem than their counterparts. The finding revealed that majority of the respondents (41.67%) facing the problems to spent time late hours outside the home. On the other hand (3.33%) respondent had the problems regarding their dress pattern. Meanwhile (22.5%) respondents whose families objected them to interact with female members followed by (12.5%) of the respondents who faced problem while working with female members.

Pages: 82-90Meenu Singh, Rashmi Tyagi, and Praveen Kumar (Department of Sociology, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)
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