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Pages: 153-157
Purshotam (Department of Physical Education, Vaish College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Sports t have been going further from the physical aspect to the mental or psychological aspect of competing and there is growing realization that peak performance in sport can only be achieved through taking help from those psychological techniques which enhance players' psychological strength. Mental imagery is a kind of psychological technique where senses are involved to create sensory experiences in the mind in the absence of the actual physical activity so as to closely resemble the actual movement. It plays a vital role in producing positive states of mind which in turn help the athlete in delivering optimal level of performance. The present papers review various factors affecting influencing mental imagery among sports person.

Pages: 153-157Purshotam (Department of Physical Education, Vaish College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Pages: 149-152
Satyender (Shri Global College, Rajgarh, Churu, Rajasthan)

Literacy is one of the qualitative aspects of human life and it mirrors the level of development of a country. The Indian Census follows the commonly applied definition of literacy as an ability to read and write with understanding. Although literacy is not the same as education, it is nevertheless the first indispensable step towards it (Saini, 1975). As such, literacy rate itself is a good indicator of the socio-economic progress of a country as also of a religious group. The present paper attempts to review literacy pattern of major religious groups like Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian and Jain. The paper also review on the gender gap in literacy in these religious groups in India.

Pages: 149-152Satyender (Shri Global College, Rajgarh, Churu, Rajasthan)

Pages: 144-148
Sonia (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak, Haryana)

The Indian Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry began to shape during the last fifty odd years. The FMCG sector is a corner stone of the Indian economy. This sector touches every aspect of human life. Indian FMCG market has been divided for a long time between the organized sector and the unorganized sector. Unlike the US market for FMCG which is dominated by a handful of global players, India's Rs. 460 billion FMCG market remains highly fragmented with roughly half the market going to unbranded, unpackaged home-made products. This presents a tremendous opportunity for makers of branded products who can persuade consumers to buy branded products. Globally, the FMCG sector has been successful in selling products to the lower and middle income groups, and the same is true in India. Over 70 percent of sales are made to middle class households today and over 50 percent is in rural India. The sector is excited about a burgeoning rural population whose income is rising and which is willing to spend on goods designed to improve lifestyle. Also with a near saturation and cut throat competition in urban India, many producers of FMCGs are driven to chalk out bold new strategies for targeting the rural consumer in a big way. Moreover, the arrival or existence of these goods must be known to consumer so that they can take interest and if found suitable to their needs and wants, they may go for ultimate purchase. The only way to reach this objective advertising is the dire need because; advertising is a mirror of society, reflecting people tastes habits and desires. Advertising is used for commercial purposes. Advertising today is used by everyone whether he is an individual, group, a company, a service organization, government and or social, non-commercial organization. It is advertising that keeps media independence align. Ad money pumps life into newspapers, magazines, and radio and television stations. Without this money, the media would depend upon government or on political parties having vested interests for survival and would lose its freedom. Advertising gives the public the right to choose between many options, many brands

Pages: 144-148Sonia (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak, Haryana)

Pages: 138-143
Garima Dalal (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak)

The present study is an attempt to determine an optimal capital structure in an imperfect market. The objective of the study was to determine whether an optimal capital structure exists both at micro level and macro level. Two hypothesis that there is no significant relation between cost of debt, cost of equity, cost of overall capital, debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio and market price of shares at micro level and macro level were framed and tested. So, in the absence of a well defined model on optimal capital structure, bivariate correlation technique was used. Then, t-test was applied to test the significance of coefficient of correlation. 30 companies listed on BSE Index were selected in the sample. The data for a 10 year period (2001-02 to 2010-11) are used. The main source of secondary data is Capitaline plus database. Seven companies have been excluded. Four of them are banks and three are excluded due to non-availability of data for the last 10 years. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire, mailed to the sample companies through post and e-mail. The questionnaires were sent to all 30 companies but since their response was poor, so the officials were contacted personally. In this manner, the data could be collected for a total 12 companies. At micro level, no significant and definite relationship was found between capital structure and value of the firm. This is because of the fact value of a firm is affected by a multiplicity of causes. At macro level, the relationship between capital structure and value of the firm was found to be highly positive. The external factors may result in overvaluation or undervaluation of shares at micro level, but at macro level their positive and negative effects neutralize each other. So the share prices are closely approximate to true indices of the aggregate financial and operating results. Thus we get a high degree of positive correlation between the two. Thus the results advocate that at macro level an optimal capital structure, i.e., D/C ratio do exist which is definitely higher than 0.25 because up to this level the value of 'r' was found to be 0.79 which is statistically significant. So issuance of additional debt will increase the value of the firm.

Pages: 138-143Garima Dalal (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak)

Pages: 133-137
Sunila Dhir (Department of Education, Hitkari College of Education, Mandola, Bhiwani, Haryana)

Before1947, the educational system in India was of ten years consisting of middle and high schools. Subjects taught were English, Vernacular languages, Mathematics, History, Geography and Science. After Independence the educational system of the country was critically examined by the University Education Commission 1948 and the Secondary Education Commission (1953) to find the weaknesses of secondary education system. The Commissions found the curriculum bookish, and examination- centred with an over-emphasis on memorizing by learner. The Education Commission (1964-66) recommended a uniform pattern of education comprising five years of primary education, eight years of elementary education (including primary and upper primary stage), two years of secondary education followed by two years of higher secondary education. Science and mathematics were made compulsory upto grade ten. From time to time, the national government formulates the National Policy on Education. Using as its foundation the NPEs of 1968 and 1986, two curriculum initiatives have been launched by NCERT: (a) The Curriculum for the Ten-Year Schoola framework (1975); and (b) The National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Educationa framework (1988). In the year 2000, NCERT brought out a National Curriculum Framework for School Education. Following the basic tenet of curriculum planning, it was monitored, reviewed and revised appropriately and thus was developed National Curriculum Framework2005. An important development since the National Policy on Education was formulated in 1986 has been the acceptance across the country of a common structure of education and the introduction by most states of the 10+2+3 system. There are eight years of elementary education (five years of primary school and three years of upper primary/ middle schooling) and four years of secondary education (two years of general secondary and two years of higher secondary).

Pages: 133-137Sunila Dhir (Department of Education, Hitkari College of Education, Mandola, Bhiwani, Haryana)

Pages: 130-132
Mamta Rani (Department of Commerce, CDLU, Sirsa)
Dalbir Singh Saini (District Social Welfare Officer, Hisar, Haryana)

Globalization requires attention to “more than conducting business across national borders but also entails expanding competition for almost every type of organization presenting management with the challenge to operate in diverse cultural settings”. HRM has become a significant factor in the management for organizational success. The multinational companies (MNCs) and other national organizations face the challenge to managing their employees by using different methods of retention, compensation, motivation and performance appraisal strategies. The article reviews was performance appraisal practices being practiced by companies operating in India.

Pages: 130-132Mamta Rani (Department of Commerce, CDLU, Sirsa)Dalbir Singh Saini (District Social Welfare Officer, Hisar…

Pages: 126-129
Patris Rahabav (Pattimura University Ambon, Indonesia)

The violence toward children has been a major critical issues concerned by people all around the world. The printed and visual media regularly revealed that violence act occurred in various types. The violence in school and homes appeared in the greatest numbers of example. Indonesia has become one of the countries with highest rank of children violence cases. Numbers of cases occurred as well as in social life also in Education Institution. Based on Scientific Studies, numbers of violence by the teacher toward Indonesian student were surprisingly high. The cases was astonished because of some crisis were happened beyond the experience of the teachers. Since the latest 20th century, Indonesian teacher had faced 3 types of crisis. They are intellectual,Financial and role mode crisis. Otherwise, strong feudalistic culture also being a major reason,discussion,and differentopinion created some violence practice. Violence toward student caused worse impact such as repeatedly behavior, stress, depression, nervous, unconffidence,alienation,lack of motivation and low achievement. In order to maintain those problems reinventing moral foundation is become a determine predictor. It needs teacher's awareness to implement the professional values as the solution for their masterpiece. There are 7, professional principles values to acquire as a teacher: 1) intellectuality principle 2) integrity principal, 3) subsidiarity principal, 4) humanity principal, 5) solidarity principal, 6) solidity principal and 7) prima service principle.

Pages: 126-129Patris Rahabav (Pattimura University Ambon, Indonesia)

Pages: 118-125
Fatema-Tu-Zohra Binte Zaman and Md. Abdus Shabur Pramanik Semul (Department of Psychology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh)

English is a language used worldwide and almost in every sphere. Thus, knowledge of everyday English is a part and parcel of the modern life. However, students are very anxious about English language classes in Bangladesh. The present study is focused on investigating the relationship of student's foreign language classroom anxiety and foreign language achievement. 125 undergraduate students were selected purposively from the capital of Bangladesh. Student's anxiety level was measured by adapted version of foreign language classroom anxiety scale. The result indicated that most of the students were found to be anxious. With respect to gender no significant difference was observed between males and females on their English language classroom anxiety level. The study further showed a significant negative relationship between students' English language classroom anxiety and English language achievement test result. The study also revealed that there was achievement test result variation among the subjects of the study with respect to their anxiety level. Finally it was found that though females' achievement test result was a little bit higher than that of males, no significant difference was found on achievement between them. Findings of this study depicted that anxiety is prevalent among the subjects of the study and had negative correlations with their English language classroom anxiety and language achievement test result.

Pages: 118-125Fatema-Tu-Zohra Binte Zaman and Md. Abdus Shabur Pramanik Semul (Department of Psychology, Jagannath University…

Pages: 111-117
Sucheta Sarkar (Research Fellow, Recruitment and Assessment Centre (RAC), DRDO, Delhi)
Suresh A. (Scientist, Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR), DRDO, Delhi)

Understanding the role of emotional regulation in customer service occupations where employees are required to interact with their clients frequently as a part of their job, is an essential and often neglected area of organizational health research in India. People engaged in such businesses become emotionally drained in the process of attracting the customers and promoting the organizational goals. This study examines the role of temperament, self monitoring and psychological wellbeing on emotional work and identifies its antecedents among customer service employees. Using Stratified random sampling technique one hundred and fifty seven county employees were sampled using a cross-sectional survey design. The participants were administered on Emotionality Activity Sociability (EAS) temperament survey, self monitoring scale, psychological well being scale and Frankfurt emotion work scale. Hierarchical multiple regressions was used to analyze the data and the results shows sociability, emotionality and psychological wellbeing emerged as strong antecedents of emotion work. The results of this study highlighted the role of emotion work as an important potential interpersonal variable for the growth of an organization. On this basis, structured training modules can be designed in order to enhance self control and psychological wellbeing of the employees. Further implications of the study are discussed in the paper.

Pages: 111-117Sucheta Sarkar (Research Fellow, Recruitment and Assessment Centre (RAC), DRDO, Delhi)Suresh A. (Scientist, Defence…

Pages: 108-110
Divya Raina (Pacific University, Udaipur )
Geeta Balodi (M.K.P(P.G) College, Dehradun )

Sexuality in each condition and society has remained as the much investigated topic yet people hardly ever able to find a suitable defining answer for them. Every society fashions the development and expressions of sexuality, tailored to fit the social, political and economic conditions of its own existence. Although sexuality itself has both components, it is usually thought of primarily as a physical matter. For this reason, a society that regards sexual desires as dangerous or wrong is one that reveals its basic mistrust of the physical side of human nature. Sexuality for them, although is a desired thing for procreation but not for the individual desire of union with the partner. Sexuality especially in Indian context has been a subject of curiosity yet talked off in hushed tones, believing that marriage is the ultimate point to understand sexuality which leaves two souls to unite emotionally, physically and sexually. There is a tremendous need for sex education during the period, when the pre-adolescents are finally able to understand the material and integrate it at both an emotional and rational level which will lead them to becoming sexually responsible adults.

Pages: 108-110Divya Raina (Pacific University, Udaipur )Geeta Balodi (M.K.P(P.G) College, Dehradun )

Pages: 105-107
Sudershan Nain (Sant Nischal Singh College of Education for Women, Santpura, Yamuna Nagar)

It has always been difficult being a teenager, teenager not only face the identity crisis, peer pressure and cut throat competition but also the unrealistic hopes and rising expectations of parents and teachers concerning their choice of career, so it seems like today's teens face much more challenges than ever before. Instead of just worrying about acne, puberty, and what they are going to do after graduation, today's issues seem more life-threatening and life-changing. In a more informal survey of 60 students, the primary sources of tension and trouble for teens and their friends are: relationships with friends and family; the pressure of expectations from self and others; pressure at school from teachers, coaches, grades and homework; financial pressures; and tragedy in the lives of family and friends as death, divorce, cancer. In addition to all of the other new and old teen problems, newer issues that teens face today include cyber bullying, school violence, shootings, and worry about terrorism. And social pressures and the pressure to do well in school is a big stress, as it has always been, for many teens. Whether or not we think today's teens have more problems, bigger problems or just different problems, it is important to get our teen help for those problems before they become overwhelming. This paper provides information about the prevalence of adolescent stress. The study points out some of the stressful events young people experience, describe how young people deal with stress, and indicate the risk factors for young people most vulnerable to stress.

Pages: 105-107Sudershan Nain (Sant Nischal Singh College of Education for Women, Santpura, Yamuna Nagar)

Pages: 103-104
J. P. Sharma (Department of Commerce, GBD College, Rohtak, Haryana)
Sai Lata (Department of Commerce, Sai Nath University, Ranchi)

The aim of the current study was to study difference in quality of work life, occupational stress, role conflict and work-family balance in public and private sector working women. The data was comprised of 300 working women employees (150 from public sector and 150 from private sector). T-test was employed to study the group differences. The results indicated that there was significant difference in quality of Quality of Work-life, Role Conflict and Work-family Balance and Work-family balance; however, there was no significant difference in Occupational Stress among public and private sector working women in banks.

Pages: 103-104J. P. Sharma (Department of Commerce, GBD College, Rohtak, Haryana)Sai Lata (Department of Commerce…
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