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Pages: 249-251
Anju Kumari and M. C. Garg (Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar)

Women have remained an active work partner since from the dawn of human civilization as far as history could trace. The presence of women at any other place except home fostered the feel of 'gender bias' and led the creation of specific attitude towards women at workplace. Various studies have focused on gender bias and the potential economic contributions of women in different sectors of economy. The paper discusses the studies done so far on attitude towards women managers. During the 1940's and 1950's, the number of women in high-ranking business positions was small. Women were not admitted on an equal basis with men to the Harvard MBA program until 1963. In fact gender bias results from the 'male norm' perspective wherein the traditional research tended to focus itself on the male experience and point of view. The paper includes the observations and findings from the related studies and also states its future implications.

Pages: 249-251Anju Kumari and M. C. Garg (Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of…

Pages: 246-248
Md. Ali Imam (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh)

Current study was conducted to study the influence of psychological well-being among the Engineers of Barauni Thermal Power. Sample of the study comprised of 300 subjects. The sample consists of 300 employees (200 male and 100 female) (age range from 22 to 58 years). The job satisfaction questionnaire was developed by Singh (1989) was used to measure levels of job-satisfaction among the subjects. There are 20 items and each items to be rated from very dissatisfied to very satisfied. Psychological well-being was measured by scale developed by Verma and Verma (1959). This is a 20 item scale.

Pages: 246-248Md. Ali Imam (Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh)

Pages: 243-245
K. P. Gogoi (Department of Education, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh )

In this study, the researcher has focused upon two major variables with respect to their scholastic achievement i.e. Concept Attainment and Reasoning Ability. For this study, total 140 adolescents are selected from same school and classes where institutionalized adolescents studies. Descriptive survey and causal comparative methods are taken into consideration for the study. Finally it is found that scholastic achievement and concept attainment of home reared adolescents are comparatively more than that of institutionalized Adolescents .

Pages: 243-245K. P. Gogoi (Department of Education, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh )

Pages: 239-242
Are. Suresh Babu (Department of Psychology, S. V. University, Tirupati, A.P.)

The sales executives play an important role in the growth and development of pharmaceutical industry. They sell their company's products, which include medicines, prescription drugs and medical equipment to a variety of customers including general practitioners, primary care trusts, hospitals and pharmacies. They also work strategically to increase the awareness and use of their company's pharmaceutical and medical products. The core characteristics of these executives are highly competitive, achievement-driven and target oriented. Theories of personality explains that Type-A individuals are ambitious, aggressive, business-like, controlling, impatient, preoccupied with his/her status, time-conscious and tightly-wound. People with type-A personalities are “workaholics” who multitask, push themselves with deadlines and hate both delays and ambivalence. Type-B individuals are perfect contrast to those with type-A personalities. People with type-B personalities are generally patient, relaxed, easy-going, and at times lacking an overriding sense of urgency. In view of the above, the present study was aimed at investigating the impact of type-A and type-B personality on performance of the sales executives. The sample for the present study consisted of 480 sales executives attached to different pharmaceutical companies in both national and multinational companies were selected randomly. A well developed and used in Indian and western context, the job performance scale and type-A personality scale were used in the present study. The study reveals that the executives working in MNCs have shown better performance than the executives working in National companies. Further, the study reveals that the sales executives in the middle level have better performance than other two groups. The data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical methods.

Pages: 239-242Are. Suresh Babu (Department of Psychology, S. V. University, Tirupati, A.P.)

Pages: 233-238
Garima Dalal (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak, Haryana)

The present study is an attempt to determine an optimal capital structure in an imperfect market. The objective of the study was to determine whether an optimal capital structure exists both at micro level and macro level. Two hypothesis that there is no significant relation between cost of debt, cost of equity, cost of overall capital, debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio and market price of shares at micro level and macro level were framed and tested. So, in the absence of a well defined model on optimal capital structure, bivariate correlation technique was used. Then, t-test was applied to test the significance of coefficient of correlation. 30 companies listed on BSE Index were selected in the sample. The data for a 10 year period (2001-02 to 2010-11) are used. The main source of secondary data is Capitaline plus database. Seven companies have been excluded. Four of them are banks and three are excluded due to non-availability of data for the last 10 years. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire, mailed to the sample companies through post and e-mail. The questionnaires were sent to all 30 companies but since their response was poor, so the officials were contacted personally. In this manner, the data could be collected for a total 12 companies. At micro level, no significant and definite relationship was found between capital structure and value of the firm. This is because of the fact value of a firm is affected by a multiplicity of causes. At macro level, the relationship between capital structure and value of the firm was found to be highly positive. The external factors may result in overvaluation or undervaluation of shares at micro level, but at macro level their positive and negative effects neutralize each other. So the share prices are closely approximate to true indices of the aggregate financial and operating results. Thus we get a high degree of positive correlation between the two. Thus the results advocate that at macro level an optimal capital structure, i.e., D/C ratio do exist which is definitely higher than 0.25 because up to this level the value of 'r' was found to be 0.79 which is statistically significant. So issuance of additional debt will increase the value of the firm.

Pages: 233-238Garima Dalal (Institute of ManagemPages: 233-238Garima Dalal (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi…

Pages: 226-232
Nirmala Singh Rathore (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur)
Mahesh Kumar Choudhary (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharshi Arvind Group of Institutes, Jaipur)

In India securities market have a very long history. The first stock exchange was set up in Bombay in 1875. Since then the number of stock exchanges in the country has grown to 23 including the Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE). In NSE there are about 2000 companies are listed with a market capitalization of around Rs.5466750 Crore (December 2011) and is expected to become the biggest stock exchange in India in terms of market capitalization. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was set up in 1988 as an administrative arrangement.Among the major stock exchanges the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE) dominate the Indian Capital Market. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is a value weighted index composed of 30 stocks with the base April 1979=100. It consist of the 30 largest and the most actively traded stocks. SENSEX touched 21,078 points on January 8, 2008.National Stock Exchange (NSE) was incorporated in November 1992 and in October 1995 it became the largest stock exchange of the country. It consists of a well diversified 50 stock index, nicknamed as S&P CNX Nifty or Nifty 50 or simply Nifty, accounting for 22 sectors of the Indian economy.

Pages: 226-232Nirmala Singh Rathore (Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur)Mahesh Kumar Choudhary (Department of…

Pages: 221-225
Palak Malhotra and Kranti Sihotra (Department of Psychology, GCW, Parade Jammu)

Excessive anxiety contributes to a sense of helplessness in which a person feels little control over the present or future and continues maladaptive behaviour. In view of the negative influences of long standing anxiety the present study attempts to understand the influence of anxiety upon the adolescents. An emotionally stable person has the capacity to make effective adjustments with himself, members of his family, and his peers in the world, society and culture. As adolescents are the future and pillars of nation, so it is important to study their anxiety level which might affect their achievement scores. Since adolescence is a huge transition period, it is important time for healthy adjustment. The present study was undertaken to study the anxiety level and achievement scores of adolescent boys and girls. 52 boys and 52 girls within the age of 14 to 18years from Govt. school of Jammu were selected as a sample. Data was collected by administering Sinha's Comprehensive anxiety scale by A.K.P Sinha (Raipur)and L.N.K Sinha(Patna). While Sharma Academic Achievement Motivation Test (AAMT) by T.R.Sharma was used to measure the academic achievement motivation of school students. Normative survey method and Random sampling technique was used in the present study. The data obtained was analysed statistically and the study revealed that there is no significant difference in the anxiety level and academic achievement scores of adolescents.

Pages: 221-225Palak Malhotra and Kranti Sihotra (Department of Psychology, GCW, Parade Jammu)

Pages: 217-220
Sudha Katyal (Department of Human Development and Family Relations, Government Home Science College, Chandigarh)

The present investigation was conducted to get an insight into burnout as related to general health and social support among female employees working in non-nationalized banks. The study was carried out in Chandigarh and its satellite towns-Panchkula and S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, on a sample of 100 female employees having minimum of 1year of job experience from 5 non-nationalized banks (20 from each bank). Standardized tools were used to measure various variables of the study. The findings revealed that majority of the subjects worked daily for 9-10 hours; frequently did overtime work with no payment and felt pressurized due to weekly targets. They were moderately satisfied with their job. They had moderate followed by high level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization but high level of personal accomplishment. There existed a highly significant negative correlation between number of social support and burnout. General health was found to have significant positive correlation with number of social support.

Pages: 217-220Sudha Katyal (Department of Human Development and Family Relations, Government Home Science College, Chandigarh)

Pages: 212-216
Niranjan Sia (Department of Psychology, Banki (Autonomous) College, Banki, Orissa)

A good number of works in recent years has demonstrated impressive cross-national similarities in the technique of resolving interpersonal conflicts among individuals. But a little attention is focused on inter group conflicts. As an experimental paradigm, the Lens model can be applied to a wide variety of problems including personnel selection, clinical judgment, organizational planning, conflict resolution, interpersonal learning and the effect of medication on cognitive process. The process of resolving intergroup conflict and its implications have been discussed in details, in this article.

Pages: 212-216Niranjan Sia (Department of Psychology, Banki (Autonomous) College, Banki, Orissa)

Pages: 208-211
Kavita Suri (Department of Lifelong Learning (Formerly, Centre for Adult, Continuing Education & Extension)University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir)

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) is a flagship national programme of the Government of India for the Universalisation of elementary education between 6-14 years of age groups. This programme is not only a response of the government to the demand for quality basic education all over the country but it is an opportunity for promoting social justice through basic education as well. The entire scheme which is being implemented throughout the country has different components viz. gender, access, quality education, community mobilization, Teaching-Learning Material (TLM), Computer-Aided Learning (CAL) etc. An important component of SSA is the Distance Education Programme (DEP) which is popularly known as DEP-SSA. It provides need-based support to state SSA functionaries through technology mediated learning. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), the apex institution in the field of Open Distance Learning (ODL) has been entrusted with the responsibility to implement distance learning interventions across the country to meet the training and learning needs of states at elementary level. The present paper explores the need for DEP-SSA programme in J&K. The education sector in J&K which was hit badly by the 24-year long violence has poor quality teachers which adversely affect the students. The untrained Rehber-e-Taleem (Educational Guide) who are initially appointed under a state government scheme as teachers, do not have adequate training and there number is significant. Thus, our State has a sizeable group of untrained teachers, like many other states of the country. According to rough figures, about twenty thousand teachers are without any professional training and the number is increasing by the day. The MHRD has expressed concern over the ever increasing number of teachers not having professional training and its adverse impact on the teaching-learning activities. The paper would focus on Distance Education and Teacher education in J & K State and how it can help in achieving quality education by organizing teachers training and capacity enhancement programmes to up-grade the level of teachers besides reorientation courses regularly.

Pages: 208-211Kavita Suri (Department of Lifelong Learning (Formerly, Centre for Adult, Continuing Education & Extension)University…

Pages: 202-207
Mahadevi. S. Waddar and Vijaylaxmi A. Aminabhavi (PG Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnatak)

Mental Health is observed to be related to many personal, social and cultural factors. Among these several factors the type of stay, gender and birth order also seem to have greater impact on mental health. At the same time present students at higher education do experience many mental health problems due to high stress caused by rigorous competition. In view of this the present study is taken up to investigate the impact of nature of stay, gender and birth order of Post Graduate (PG) students on their mental health. Mental Health Inventory developed by Jagdish and Srivastava (1996) was administered on a 200 PG students of which 100 were staying at hostels and remaining at their own house. The findings of the study revealed that the students staying at home have significantly higher mental health in terms of several dimensions as well as over all scores. Male PG students are also observed to have significantly higher mental health in almost all dimensions and over all scores compared to PG girls. Further with regard to the influence of birth order on mental health multiple comparison test is also applied.

Pages: 202-207Mahadevi. S. Waddar and Vijaylaxmi A. Aminabhavi (PG Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharwad…

Pages: 198-201
Sonia (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak, Haryana)

The Indian Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry began to shape during the last fifty odd years. The FMCG sector is a corner stone of the Indian economy. This sector touches every aspect of human life. Indian FMCG market has been divided for a long time between the organized sector and the unorganized sector. Unlike the US market for FMCG which is dominated by a handful of global players, India's Rs. 460 billion FMCG market remains highly fragmented with roughly half the market going to unbranded, unpackaged home-made products. This presents a tremendous opportunity for makers of branded products who can persuade consumers to buy branded products. Globally, the FMCG sector has been successful in selling products to the lower and middle income groups, and the same is true in India. Over 70 percent of sales are made to middle class households today and over 50 percent is in rural India. The sector is excited about a burgeoning rural population whose income is rising and which is willing to spend on goods designed to improve lifestyle. Also with a near saturation and cut throat competition in urban India, many producers of FMCGs are driven to chalk out bold new strategies for targeting the rural consumer in a big way. Moreover, the arrival or existence of these goods must be known to consumer so that they can take interest and if found suitable to their needs and wants, they may go for ultimate purchase. The only way to reach this objective advertising is the dire need because; advertising is a mirror of society, reflecting people tastes habits and desires. Advertising is used for commercial purposes. Advertising today is used by everyone whether he is an individual, group, a company, a service organization, government and or social, non-commercial organization. It is advertising that keeps media independence align. Ad money pumps life into newspapers, magazines, and radio and television stations. Without this money, the media would depend upon government or on political parties having vested interests for survival and would lose its freedom. Advertising gives the public the right to choose between many options, many brands

Pages: 198-201Sonia (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak, Haryana)
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