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Pages: 161-167
Ricardo Sepúlveda (Department of Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile )
Malva Villalon and Paulo Volante (Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile)

Nowadays, a large part of teacher leadership studies have been focused mainly on the principal as a key factor in the results of students' success. Nevertheless, some recent literature is available that discusses other faculty members who without leaving their classroom responsibilities, assume distinct directive responsibilities on an intermediate level. This article explores some of the salient characteristics that distinguish the leadership of teachers in charge of other teachers, and discusses in particular the importance of tolerance and freedom. The text gives some clues about the process in which teachers feel challenged when they undertake the responsibility for an educational improvement project, being in charge of their peers, but without the managerial authority to exercise the influence over them. The evidence presented corresponds to the findings from a case study conducted on the topic of middle leadership from a group who coordinate a program to improve education in the area of language, in socially at risk schools in the Bío Bío region of Chile. The results of the study show among other aspects that both coordinators and peer educators agree that a necessary condition that characterizes middle leadership is to allow group members certain levels of initiative, decision making, and action in their tasks in the program.
Pages: 161-167 Ricardo Sepúlveda (Department of Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile ) Malva Villalon and Paulo…
Pages: 153-160
Patris Rahabav and Stella Que (Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia )

The partnership between schools, families and communities becomes interesting theme to be discussed at this time because with the partnership; the performance of the schools can be improved. The objectives of this study are to identify the most important factors that influence the partnership of schools, parents, and communities, and what contribution can be given in order to increase school performance. Research methodology that has been used for this study is a case study, qualitative design. The locations of this study include 5 High Schools in Ambon, Maluku province with details: 2 private schools and 3 public schools. There are 35 informants participated as informants. They represent teachers, counselors, parents, school committees, alumni, principals and supervisors. Data was collected by using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The results of the study showed that the Partnership of schools, families and communities have started since the establishment of the school committee as parents and communities representation. Some real contribution has obtained by the school is the support funding (contributions) and contribution of physical facilities. The partnership is still faced with some serious problems such as feudalistic culture, misconceptions about the role, not good governance, free education campaigns and communication lame. So, it needs revitalizing the role and functions of the schools, parents and the communities, through the changes in system, structure, culture, human resource development, and the strengthen of communication and social networks to support school performance.
Pages: 153-160 Patris Rahabav and Stella Que (Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia )
Pages: 172-174
Ritu Choudhary (Bhiwani, Haryana)

Sales promotions are highly effective in exposing consumers to products for the first time and can serve as key promotional components in the early stages of new product presentation. The purpose of this paper is to study of the affect of sales promotion on consumer interest to purchase products of automotive company as well as Performance of sales promotion in introducing of new product to consumer is studied.
Pages: 172-174 Ritu Choudhary (Bhiwani, Haryana)
Pages: 169-171
Wricha Malik (Department of HSB, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)

Education plays an important role in the development of any nation. Hence, it is required to give top priority for educational system which is possible mainly through teachers, in whose hands the destiny of our coming generation is placed. Thus, teachers who are shaping our children's future, should invariably possess job satisfaction along with other good qualities. This is because a teacher is more effective in his job only when he is satisfied with his job. Job satisfaction of teachers is therefore an utmost important factor in making the teaching profession more useful for the nation. The present paper reviews the relation between personality factors and job satisfaction among teachers.
Pages: 169-171 Wricha Malik (Department of HSB, GJUS&T, Hisar, Haryana)
Pages: 166-168
Puspa Rani (Department of Psychology, Monad University, Hapur, UP)

The present study examined relation in suicidal ideation, loneliness, peer pressure and self-efficacy among adolescents. The sample of the present study was comprised of 300 participants (150 girls and 150 boys) in the age range of 15 to 25 years. Suicidal ideation scale (Reynolds, 1987), peer pressure scale (Singh & Saini, 2010), ULCA Loneliness Scale and General self-efficacy (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) scales were used to assess suicidal ideation, loneliness, peer pressure and self-efficacy among adolescents. The finding reveals that suicidal ideation in girls are negatively related with father bonding (r = -.287, p<.01), optimism level (r = -.185, p<.05), and positively related with academic stress (r = .295 , p<.01) and peer pressure. The results indicated that Suicidal ideation in boys are negatively related with father bonding (r = -.175 ,p<.01) , optimistic level (r = -.284 , p < .01), mother bonding and positively related with academic stress (r = .414 ,p <.01) , peer relations , suicidal ideation.
Pages: 166-168 Puspa Rani (Department of Psychology, Monad University, Hapur, UP)
Pages: 161-165
Subhash Chander and Satnam Kaur (Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar)

The concept of Panchayati Raj was developed to ensure people's participation in the Community Development Programme. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of the Gram Panchayats through 69 formal leaders. Regarding socio-economic and cultural variables and Gram Panchayats activities study reveals that age of the leader is significantly associated with maintenance, forestry and agricultural development while caste variability influenced forestry. Gender variability affected works pertaining to status of panchayat leaders also promoted activities concerning sanitation, maintenance and construction.Regional variabilities found to have conditioned administrative and water supply actions. Chairman's background also influenced water supply, administrative, construction, sanitation, agricultural and maintenance works in the sampled villages.
Pages: 161-165 Subhash Chander and Satnam Kaur (Department of Sociology, CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar)
Pages: 158-160
Purshotam (Department of Physical Education, Vaish College (Boys), Rohtak, Haryana)

Sports participation and appreciation have become integral part of life. Competitive sports make tremendous demands on the physical conditioning, virtually, endurance and mental power of the participants. Only the finest can play to the best of their abilities. Each sport has its own pattern, muscle load, tempo and duration. Today the people of every country are more concerned with physical fitness than ever before as it has become the vital part of winning sports competition. Stresses always hamper the performance of an individual in sports competitions. Pranayama is the fourth limb and meditation is the seventh limb of ashtanga yoga. Its full significant has to be propery understood and appreciated. It consists of two components, pran and ayama. Pran is an essential living activity agent that works in the human body and makes the various function of the body possible. Since the stress is a main hurdle to the performance of sports men it shall be given higher priorty to be treated. The present paper attempt to examine effects of pranayama practices in reducing stress and other psychological distress among players at college level.
Pages: 158-160 Purshotam (Department of Physical Education, Vaish College (Boys), Rohtak, Haryana)
Pages: 153-157
Purshotam (Department of Physical Education, Vaish College, Rohtak, Haryana)

Sports t have been going further from the physical aspect to the mental or psychological aspect of competing and there is growing realization that peak performance in sport can only be achieved through taking help from those psychological techniques which enhance players' psychological strength. Mental imagery is a kind of psychological technique where senses are involved to create sensory experiences in the mind in the absence of the actual physical activity so as to closely resemble the actual movement. It plays a vital role in producing positive states of mind which in turn help the athlete in delivering optimal level of performance. The present papers review various factors affecting influencing mental imagery among sports person.
Pages: 153-157 Purshotam (Department of Physical Education, Vaish College, Rohtak, Haryana)
Pages: 149-152
Satyender (Shri Global College, Rajgarh, Churu, Rajasthan)

Literacy is one of the qualitative aspects of human life and it mirrors the level of development of a country. The Indian Census follows the commonly applied definition of literacy as an ability to read and write with understanding. Although literacy is not the same as education, it is nevertheless the first indispensable step towards it (Saini, 1975). As such, literacy rate itself is a good indicator of the socio-economic progress of a country as also of a religious group. The present paper attempts to review literacy pattern of major religious groups like Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian and Jain. The paper also review on the gender gap in literacy in these religious groups in India.
Pages: 149-152 Satyender (Shri Global College, Rajgarh, Churu, Rajasthan)
Pages: 144-148
Sonia (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak, Haryana)

The Indian Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry began to shape during the last fifty odd years. The FMCG sector is a corner stone of the Indian economy. This sector touches every aspect of human life. Indian FMCG market has been divided for a long time between the organized sector and the unorganized sector. Unlike the US market for FMCG which is dominated by a handful of global players, India's Rs. 460 billion FMCG market remains highly fragmented with roughly half the market going to unbranded, unpackaged home-made products. This presents a tremendous opportunity for makers of branded products who can persuade consumers to buy branded products. Globally, the FMCG sector has been successful in selling products to the lower and middle income groups, and the same is true in India. Over 70 percent of sales are made to middle class households today and over 50 percent is in rural India. The sector is excited about a burgeoning rural population whose income is rising and which is willing to spend on goods designed to improve lifestyle. Also with a near saturation and cut throat competition in urban India, many producers of FMCGs are driven to chalk out bold new strategies for targeting the rural consumer in a big way. Moreover, the arrival or existence of these goods must be known to consumer so that they can take interest and if found suitable to their needs and wants, they may go for ultimate purchase. The only way to reach this objective advertising is the dire need because; advertising is a mirror of society, reflecting people tastes habits and desires. Advertising is used for commercial purposes. Advertising today is used by everyone whether he is an individual, group, a company, a service organization, government and or social, non-commercial organization. It is advertising that keeps media independence align. Ad money pumps life into newspapers, magazines, and radio and television stations. Without this money, the media would depend upon government or on political parties having vested interests for survival and would lose its freedom. Advertising gives the public the right to choose between many options, many brands
Pages: 144-148 Sonia (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak, Haryana)
Pages: 138-143
Garima Dalal (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak)

The present study is an attempt to determine an optimal capital structure in an imperfect market. The objective of the study was to determine whether an optimal capital structure exists both at micro level and macro level. Two hypothesis that there is no significant relation between cost of debt, cost of equity, cost of overall capital, debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio and market price of shares at micro level and macro level were framed and tested. So, in the absence of a well defined model on optimal capital structure, bivariate correlation technique was used. Then, t-test was applied to test the significance of coefficient of correlation. 30 companies listed on BSE Index were selected in the sample. The data for a 10 year period (2001-02 to 2010-11) are used. The main source of secondary data is Capitaline plus database. Seven companies have been excluded. Four of them are banks and three are excluded due to non-availability of data for the last 10 years. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire, mailed to the sample companies through post and e-mail. The questionnaires were sent to all 30 companies but since their response was poor, so the officials were contacted personally. In this manner, the data could be collected for a total 12 companies. At micro level, no significant and definite relationship was found between capital structure and value of the firm. This is because of the fact value of a firm is affected by a multiplicity of causes. At macro level, the relationship between capital structure and value of the firm was found to be highly positive. The external factors may result in overvaluation or undervaluation of shares at micro level, but at macro level their positive and negative effects neutralize each other. So the share prices are closely approximate to true indices of the aggregate financial and operating results. Thus we get a high degree of positive correlation between the two. Thus the results advocate that at macro level an optimal capital structure, i.e., D/C ratio do exist which is definitely higher than 0.25 because up to this level the value of 'r' was found to be 0.79 which is statistically significant. So issuance of additional debt will increase the value of the firm.
Pages: 138-143 Garima Dalal (Institute of Management Studies and Research, Maharishi Dayananda University, Rohtak)
Pages: 133-137
Sunila Dhir (Department of Education, Hitkari College of Education, Mandola, Bhiwani, Haryana)

Before1947, the educational system in India was of ten years consisting of middle and high schools. Subjects taught were English, Vernacular languages, Mathematics, History, Geography and Science. After Independence the educational system of the country was critically examined by the University Education Commission 1948 and the Secondary Education Commission (1953) to find the weaknesses of secondary education system. The Commissions found the curriculum bookish, and examination- centred with an over-emphasis on memorizing by learner. The Education Commission (1964-66) recommended a uniform pattern of education comprising five years of primary education, eight years of elementary education (including primary and upper primary stage), two years of secondary education followed by two years of higher secondary education. Science and mathematics were made compulsory upto grade ten. From time to time, the national government formulates the National Policy on Education. Using as its foundation the NPEs of 1968 and 1986, two curriculum initiatives have been launched by NCERT: (a) The Curriculum for the Ten-Year Schoola framework (1975); and (b) The National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Educationa framework (1988). In the year 2000, NCERT brought out a National Curriculum Framework for School Education. Following the basic tenet of curriculum planning, it was monitored, reviewed and revised appropriately and thus was developed National Curriculum Framework2005. An important development since the National Policy on Education was formulated in 1986 has been the acceptance across the country of a common structure of education and the introduction by most states of the 10+2+3 system. There are eight years of elementary education (five years of primary school and three years of upper primary/ middle schooling) and four years of secondary education (two years of general secondary and two years of higher secondary).
Pages: 133-137 Sunila Dhir (Department of Education, Hitkari College of Education, Mandola, Bhiwani, Haryana)
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