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Pages: 1401-1402 Jung's fascination with archetype are found to have cultural similarities across the globe that ultimately paved way for writers and literary critics to analyse and interpret its symbolism in their writings. Archetypes are primordial patterns of psychic energy that originates in the collective unconscious and is primarily manifested in dreams (Jung, 1959). Since archetypes have an organizing influence on images and ideas; they are recurrent subjective fantasy ideas that are aroused by physical processes and entities found in the external world. Though they themselves are not conscious, conscious images and ideas are variations to them (Huskinson, 2004). Against this backdrop, the present paper attempts to interpret Jung's two major archetypes: The hero and the wise old man archetype in light of Mac Donald's fantasy based story of Phantastes. |
Pages: 1403-1405 Every individual faces mental health problems during his life span. Mental health problems affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps to determine how we handle our stresses, relate to others, and make choices. There are four factors, namely, biological factors, life experiences, environmental aspects, and social influences which contribute to mental health problems. This article focuses on Islamic practices, counseling and cultivation of values as interventions for helping and alleviating mental health problems of people. For alleviating mental health problems, Islamic counselling is missing with regard to the need for soul food. It is adherence to ethics that will enable fulfillment of spiritual needs or a feeling of a deep sense of self-satisfaction in life. People with mental health problems are generally dissatisfied with their life, feel alienated, poor relationships with others and blame others on their failure. Self-satisfaction emanating out of internalizing Islamic values and observing Islamic practices is the main concern of being more integrated with religiosity, more at one with the world, more connectedness with God, and being more spiritually disciplined. |
Pages: 1406-1410 Right to reproduction through Surrogacy arrangements has a wide prospect throughout the world despite of socio-legal and ethical controversies. Commercial surrogacy, as a form of ART, has often been a topic of debate in lack of adequate State regulatory regime. Surrogacy sets forth certain new dimensions before the society with an endeavour of redefining the age old concepts of the society that are of great concern when viewed from the human rights perspective viz family, parenthood, motherhood and child that makes the issue to be a concern in International Scenario. India, with a recent glorious history of achievements in Commercial Surrogacy is still facing the crises for an adequate regulation. Lack of adequate regulation to address the practise of surrogacy has revealed such pragmatic paradigm that justifies further emphasis of State authorities to stand for the vulnerable fractions engaging in the contractual pregnancy even though such agreements falls under the private laws. Thus, the contemporary practise of surrogacy arrangement must be regulated by adequate state regulatory regime. Surrogacy arrangement is not just another fertility treatment and hence there is a need for the moderate surrogacy law that can appreciate surrogacy arrangements as a socio-legal aspect. |
Pages: 1411-1416 Since the colonial period, the special rights and representation of religious minorities as a positive discrimination has been a debatable issue. However, the Constituent Assembly period was a crucial period in deciding the pattern through, which what types of rights and representation should be given to them in order to protect their interest in the future form of government. Initially, the Constituent Assembly of India granted group rights to the religious minorities in the legislature, quotas in the civil service, and collective cultural and educational rights in order to provide their representation and to protect their rights and interests. During the initial period of framing a constitution, both the rights and representation were enjoyed by the religious minorities. However, after partition of India, criteria on the basis of which groups' rights enjoyed by the religious minorities in the representation, service came to be fundamentally redefined, which exclude religious minorities from its scope and include the Schedule caste and Schedule tribe to avail such protection. In spite of demanding of their representation through proportional representation or reserved seats in the law making body, the nationalist opinion had decided to address the religious minority's problem on the basis of secularism, educational and cultural rights only. It raises many questions that despite the group's rights to the religious minorities in the law making body, government service etc. in the first draft of the constitution, what happened in India that made the Constituent Assembly to exclude them from its purview? This paper finds out the reasons of why the religious minorities have the rights only, not the representation in the form of reserved seats or proportionate representation in the post-partition period that was enjoyed since the colonial period. |
Pages: 1417-1423 The study examined the impacts of personality and emotional intelligence on the positive and negative effects of the adult participants. The study employed a correlational research design that recruited the participants by a convenient sampling method. Four hundred students with an equal number of males (M = 21.63, SD = 1.93) and females (M = 22.12, SD = 1.53) studying in postgraduate classes served as the participants in the study. The findings showed that the participants with average and high levels of emotional intelligence and extraversion personality reflected higher mean positive affect scores as compared to the introverts with low emotional intelligence. In addition, females emitted higher mean positive affect score as compared to their male counterparts. The results of negative affect evinced that the participants with extraverted personality exhibited lower mean negative affect score in comparison to those who possessed introverted personality. Mean negative affect scores of the participants with average and high levels of emotional intelligence were lower as compared to those who showed low emotional intelligence. In addition, males emitted higher mean negative affect score as compared to their female counterparts. These finding led to conclude that the features of the two personality traits and three levels of emotional intelligence were reflected in their dissimilar scores on positive and negative affect measures. The findings may have implications to understand the well-being and performance of people in terms of their personality and emotional intelligence. These findings may be useful for health practitioners, teachers and researchers. |
Pages: 1429-1432 The disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the independence of Central Asia which comprises of five states namely Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan that remained a part of Soviet Union till its disintegration. Uzbekistan as one of the Central Asian states adopted democracy and established political institutions in the post-Soviet period. The new constitution was enacted which contains the provisions for fulfilling the essential conditions of democracy but in reality, Uzbekistan has been keeping many features of previous Soviet regime such as one party dominance in which president expanded his personal power. However, Islam Karimov who became the first president of Uzbekistan declared his commitment to democratization but his path of development served as an obstacle in the actualization of democracy. He banned the opposition parties and allows only pro-government parties to participate in elections. Judiciary operates according to the will of the president. Many developments in the post-Soviet period lead to a series of questions regarding the nature of democracy and political institutions in Uzbekistan under Islam Karimov regime. How democracy and political institutions undermined by Islam Karimov in the post-Soviet period? Why opposition parties unable to assert their presence in mainstream politics? Why the extra-regional players unable to succeed in establishing democracy in the state? Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been made to find out the reasons why democracy is not institutionalized yet and political institutions are controlled and regulated by one party. Further, an attempt is also made to analyze the factors that helped Karimov to strengthen his rule in Uzbekistan and why there is an absence of political culture in spite of having political institutions. |
Pages: 1433-1438 Alcohol addiction had long been considered as one of the major health and social problems faced by the people all over the world. Research studies highlighted on several reasons responsible for alcohol addiction and its continuity among the addicts. A person's self-esteem and attitude towards alcohol abuse, often influenced his/her drinking habits. Repeated intake of alcohol adversely impacted both physical and mental health of the abusers. On the other hand, mental illness might also have an impact on the pattern of drinking and the vice-versa. The present paper probed into the research reviews spreading over last three decades relating to the linkages existing among self-esteem, attitude towards alcohol addiction and mental health of alcohol addicts. A comparative analysis was made to unleash the nature of associations existing among these variables in Indian and Western cultures along with the reasons responsible for such linkages. |
Pages: 1439-1444 The purpose of the study to synthesize a conceptual model for the factors affecting choice of retail banks based upon an established theory. In this study, expert survey based upon Delphi Study is conducted to arrive at the factors affecting consumer choice of a retail bank and in the end comes up with a theory based conceptual model. The study throws important factors basis the expert survey and proposes a conceptual model based upon prospect theory. The study has come across certain important variables from practitioner point of view, which have not been studied yet in the literature for context under study. The present research studies the factors affecting the choice of bank by retail customers which will help the policy and strategy makers in banking to review their marketing strategy for products and services and hence can better serve the customers enabling them to know what drives a potential consumer to choose a particular retail bank. This is probably the first study that creates arguments from expert survey to arrive at the repertoire of Choice Factors affecting a Retail Bank Customer while choosing a Bank thereby postulating a conceptual model considering both perceived switching cost and perceived trust as a moderators for intention to choose a retail bank. |
Pages: 1445-1448 Adolescence is a transitional phase, in which adolescents' interaction with peers' increases considerably and in such stage, to explore how parental attachment affects the process of self-disclosure in adolescents, the present study is formulated to examine the relationship between parental attachment and personal and relational self-disclosure. Personal self-disclosure is defined as disclosing about oneself whereas relational self-disclosure refers to sharing ideas one has about someone or something else. Scales of parental attachment and self-disclosure were used to measure the variables. The study was conducted on 300 randomly selected participants (150 males & 150 females) of age range 18-24 years from Patiala, Punjab. Multiple regression with subgroup analysis was used to examine the relationship between parental attachment and adolescents' self-disclosure separately for boys and girls. |
Pages: 1449-1451 The present study was conducted to find out the relationship between burnout and personality among bank personnel. The sample of 200 bank personnel were selected from four different banks of Haryana State. Maslach Burnout Inventory, Maslach and Jackson (1996) and Personality Test, Costa and McCrae (1992) were used to study burnout and personality respectively. The obtained data was statistically analysed by employing product moment method and t-test.Results indicate that neuroticism is significant positively correlated with burnout and extroversion, openness, agreeable and conscientiousness are significantly negative correlated with burnout. Results also indicate that high and low groups of burnout are significantly differ on personality. |
Pages: 1452-1454 Equine-assisted psychotherapy is one of the most recent experiential therapy that uses horses for the treatment of various psychological and behavioural problems. Since, horses have the ability to immediately respond and give feedback to the participant's actions and behaviour and can mirror a person's emotions easily therefore, it becomes easy for the client to establish a rapport with the horse making the therapy effective. Review of literature indicates that equine therapy has been found to be particularly beneficial in dealing with a wide array of psychological disorders such as autism, learning disability, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, PTSD, etc. Furthermore, it increases a person's self-confidence, self awareness, physical and psychological resilience. Taking this into consideration the aim of the present paper is to highlight and discuss the role and contribution of equine therapy in dealing with the health and well-being of both normal and clinical cases. |
Pages: 1455-1458 In popular usage, karma is understood as destiny, or at best, a term condensing 'as you sow, so shall you reap'. While the former is obviously inaccurate, even the latter is crude and inadequate enough to be inaccurate. Karma is, in fact, a concept that is central to several strands of ancient thoughts and spiritual praxis. If we are to attempt to understand the world through the possibilities available to us within Yoga and allied systems, the full implications of karma as it appears in this system must be delineated comprehensively. This includes what karma means in this specific context, including the way it has been understood in the Bhagavad Gita; what its effects are and how it functions, including in terms of the human mind; and how it is related to spiritual praxis, including what attitudes are to be cultivated with reference to karma. This paper attempts to do this in the context of the modern times, and argues that a comprehensive understanding of the doctrine of karma, far from leading to fatalism, might offer the great insights into most satisfying possibilities for understanding current dilemmas of humanity and resolving them through the systems of praxis within which it is embedded. This paper seeks to expand on and deepen the existing understanding of the Karma doctrine in our interactions a) with the world and b) within ourselves, in such a manner that is essentially freeing. Psychological applications thereof will be multifold with respect to how one deals with their i) past: reducing subjective experience of pain caused due to circumstances, letting go off the attachments and expectations, learning from the past experiences ii) present: Behavior Modification, Attitude change, emotional mindfulness, cultivating positive qualities such as empathy, kindness, sensitivity, gratitude, fearlessness, etc., and iii) future: volitionally creating one's own destiny. |
Pages: 1459-1462 Health is a great treasure and everyone is in pursuit of the same. The present life style has deluded the individuals far from health, both physical and mental. The HIV/AIDS and cancer epidemic has an enormous impact on all aspects of life of not only the patients but also their family members. The care takers of these patients undergo a lot of stress, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness and difficulty in coping. The present study aims at finding out the feelings of hope and coping in the care takers of fatal diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer. A sample of 80 care takers (HIV/AIDS and cancer patients) was personally contacted and administered Adult Hope Scale by Snyder and Anderson (1991) and COPE Inventory by Carver et al. (1989). The findings of this study revealed that caregivers of cancer patients have significantly higher hope compared to the caregivers of HIV/AIDS. And they also differ significantly in their coping strategies. The caregivers of cancer patients use more problem focused coping and the caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients adopt more emotional focused and dysfunctional coping strategies. Implications are discussed. |
Pages: 1463-1470 This study explored Indian doctors' views about their use of humour with patients, the benefits served by it and the factors determining its use. The Humour Styles Questionnaire was administered to 66 doctors working in various hospitals and clinics. Ten doctors who reported the frequent use of humour with patients were subsequently interviewed. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Doctors reported the use of humour to be beneficial for patients in various ways. Some benefits included enhanced communication between doctors and patients, reduction in patients' pain levels and better adherence to treatment. Benefits of humour were also identified for the patients' families and the doctors themselves. Various factors influenced the use of humour. Patient-related factors were most frequently discussed. Some of these included the condition of the patient, patients' receptivity to humour and their personality characteristics. The apprehension that their humour may be misunderstood was a concern shared by several doctors. Use of humour by the doctors was reported to have changed over time. Implications of the study and directions for future research have been identified. |
Pages: 1471-1473 Spiritual development is the growth and improvement of human personality towards a more useful and desired identity. It is expected that spiritually developed parents would have a positive effect on children's mental health. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of parental spiritual development along with socio-demographic status on adolescent's mental health. For this purpose, 150 adolescents (age range 13-22 years) and one of their parents (either mother or father; age range 35-65 years) participated in the present study. Spirituality Scale (Sharma & Singh, 2018) and Mental Health Battery (Gupta & Singh, 1983) were used to assess Spiritual Development and Mental Health, respectively. Multiple regression analysis results showed that level of adolescent's mental health significantly affected by parental spiritual development. Socioeconomic status had no significant impact on adolescent's mental health. |
Pages: 1474-1477 The purpose of the present study is to assess the difference in the level of perceived stress and coping among about to retire and newly joined employees. Convenience sampling technique was used to select 100 participants, 50= about to retire (within 6-8 months), 50= Newly Joined (6-8months ). The Perceived Stress Scale developed by Sheldon (1983) and Coping Scale developed by Hamby et al. (2013) were used to measure their level of perceived stress and coping respectively. After the scores were obtained, Independent sample t test was performed to find whether there exists any significant difference in terms of stress and coping levels in both the groups. The results revealed that, the mean scores of stress of newly joined employee is significantly higher than that of about to retire employees. However, there exists no significant difference in the mean scores of coping between newly joined and about to retire employees. Both the findings are in line with the existence body of literature. |
Pages: 1478-1480 The emergence of worldwide communications networks and powerful computer technologies has redefined the concept of distance learning and the delivery of engineering education content. To handle the high enrolment of students, many universities have chosen to teach fundamental engineering courses in large classes. So the purpose of the present research to study the learning styles behaviour among engineering students. In order to attain the objective the study focuses on the 98 students who are studying in engineering departments of the private institutions. To achieve the objective Kolb's learning style inventory has been used. The study found that students easily understand the topics and gives more practical approach. The present study also found that 90% of the students found studying online either as effective as or more effective than face to face learning. |
Pages: 1481-1484 The Central and State Government had formulated number of development programmes for the uplift of tribal and other backward communities. As regards State's responsibility, the government periodically monitors the working of its Development Programmes to ascertain their progress. Also, the Government considers that it is the time to reassess the situation as to how far these programmes reached the objectives or whether the development plans really benefited the people. It is very clear that from the early period particularly from the time of the beginning of the British rule, these people were under the control of the administrators who introduced a number of development programmes for them. But still there are number of tribes who are leading a nomadic life, living in the interior of the forests, away from all development concepts. Hence, it needs a critical analysis to find out why the development programmes did not reach them? In addition, it is also necessary to know how far the government's policies succeeded in bringing them out from their primitive life to take up to modern living. |
Pages: 1489-1491 'Cancer is a harsh health problem with high mortality rate if not diagnosed and treated at its early phases. Cancer is not a personal experience; rather, it is associated with health process care givers. Researchers have recognized the anguish of family care-givers; however, little has been done to assess the broader influence of care giving on QOL. Cancer- how it understands/experienced is not restricted to the patient but affects the relation-caregivers. The imperative concern since family members took more of the burden of care as treatment prolongs to move into an out-patient status. The important matter is that, care of the sufferer with cancer should involve treatment of the family care-giving person has been more and more appreciated as vital. To provide emotional support for the ill-person and others is obvious to be among the more complicated task for the care-provider. The kin-caregiver may have a range of emotional issues together with feelings of vulnerability, anger and bewilderment that may persist for an extensive period of time. Family care-givers should also handle the financial burdens along with physical burden of care giving. Coping methods aimed to conquer the issues are classified into solution-focused and emotion-focused methods. The “Adult Carer Quality of Life Questionnaire” (Italian) is a dependable and valid tool to assess care givers' apparent challenge and resources. In accordance with literature, psychological assisting should be given to the patients and their care givers to utilize the coping techniques oriented at the source of the difficulty before the dysfunctional coping methods. In general, the care givers of cancer patients have an impaired QoL. Proper guidance and timely support to the care givers will improve their physical, psychological, social and moreover, the overall well being of the person. |
Pages: 1492-1494 Mental health professionals play a major role in dealing with various psychiatric disorders. Their role is significant in improving the mental health of people. Various practitioners fall under the category of mental health professionals including social workers, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, counsellors, mental health nurses, family the rapists etc. Their scope of practice, however, often differs. But they do face burnouts in a sense that they are exposed to continuous stress, such as being faced with suicidal and often aggressive patients which in turn negatively influences both their work life and personal life. The aim of this study is to throw light on the level of job satisfaction among the mental health professionals and highlight the level of anxiety they face at workplace. It would also emphasize the various coping mechanism they use to deal with the stressful aspects work life and how they can adapt better to their workplace environment to bring about maximum job satisfaction. |
Pages: 1495-1496 “Individuation is a process by which a person becomes “a psychological in-dividual, that is separate, indivisible unity or whole and for this psychological in-dividual, it is a matter of survival to be distinct and unique (Jung, 1959). According to Jung however, in order to attain individuation archetypes such as Persona, Anima, Animus, and Shadow play a pivotal role (Jung, 1969). Against this backdrop, the aim of the present paper is to highlight and discuss the role of these archetypes in attaining individuation in light of the 21st century story “Black Swan”. The film based on this story emphasizes as to how the protagonist Nina Sayers in her quest of attaining individuation goes through a series of the above mentioned archetypal stages but, still in the end is unable to attain complete individuation due to the predominance of shadow or the dark side of her personality. |
Pages: 1497-1504 The study discusses the rights guaranteed to women in the Constitution with prominent cases. It further focuses on the fundamental rights and directive principle of state policy enshrined in the Constitution. The study concludes that Constitution does attempt to protect the rights of women in numerous ways. These rights are further strengthened through numerous laws and judicial pronouncements. However, women continue to labour under various cultural proscriptions which inhibit their enjoyment of fundamental human rights, leading to the conclusion of 'becharinari'. The application of these rights is further limited by the lack of awareness among women about their rights. |
Pages: 1505-1509 The psychological distress and quality of life that is associated with the cancer diagnosis and its treatment is now becoming an area of interest for investigation in our society. Now a day's cancer is a quickly developing illness and in many cases. Psychological intervention is trying to help those individuals who confront the difficulty of this devastating chronic disease. People turned out to be low in self Efficacy and resilience towards this life -threatening illness. Negative contemplations against the regular life before the disease may also diminish their inwardly, physically and mentally life style. In such a situation psychological intervention is functioning as ambrosia to expanding Quality of Life (QOL) towards these patients. A new expectancy germinates in the life of the patient through intervention. It enhances the pessimistic person's power of life, to expansion their QOL. In the present study forty patients (twenty male, twenty female) of age range 18 to 50 years were selected. The main objective of the investigation was to offer intervention to thirty oncology patients to enhance their QOL and see the difference of QOL among without intervention patients. Mean score of the quality of life in the intervention group had significant difference in comparison with those of the non intervention group also there is no significant difference in quality of life of male and female. |
Pages: 1510-1514 Many customs and traditions (CTs) from patriarchal societies are women-targeted, like in India. Following such CTs under the religious influence, the societies form the rigid gender roles for women often restricting their independence to prove themselves in outside world with a large burden of domestic responsibilities. Women also seem to accept and comply with these gender roles ritualistically with almost no complaints. Developing the Gender Roles Expectations Scale (GRES) is an attempt by the authors to identify some major gender roles expected from women. It is a 7-point rating scale intended to study the extent to which women accept and internalize these expectations. On the basis of findings of earlier research conducted in the field, book references, and observations; total eight important domains were identified and total 75 items were developed, pertaining to gender roles. The GRES was divided into three subscales: Societal Expectations (SE), Personal Expectations (PE), and Expectations from Self (ES).Total 25 items were assigned to each subscale allied with eight domains. The GRES was further subject to experts' comments followed by a pilot study. |
Pages: 1515-1518 प्रस्तुत शोध वृद्धावस्था में योगाभ्यास के प्रभाव से संबंधित है। वृद्धावस्था दीर्घ जीवन की अंतिम अवस्था है जिसमें पाया गया कि योगाभ्यास से स्वास्थ्य पर सकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ता है। आधुनिक परिवेश में लोगों का योगाभ्यास के प्रति बढ़ता हुआ रुझान भी इसकी महता को दर्शाता हैं। वास्तव में वृद्धावस्था नित्य नये समस्याओं को जन्म देती है जो व्यक्ति को दुखी करता है तथा जो उनमें मानसिक एवं शारीरिक गिरावट लाता है। किन्तु कुछ लोग योगाभ्यास जैसी चुनौतियों या संकल्प को अपनाकर एक स्वास्थ्य ताजगी भरे एवं जिन्दादिली के साथ जीवन यापन करते हैं। प्रस्तुत शोध में 100 पुरुष प्रतिदर्श पर अध्ययन किया गया है। जिनमें 50 ऐसे पुरुष प्रतिदर्श थे जो कभी योगाभ्यास नहीं करते हैं और 50 ऐसे पुरुष प्रतिदर्श थे जो नित्य प्रातः योगाभ्यास किया करते हैं। क्रान्ति अनुपात विधि (टी.) द्वारा इसके प्रदत्त विश्लेषण से ज्ञात होता है कि योगाभ्यास द्वारा वृद्धावस्था में होने वाली समस्याओं पर बहुत हद तक नियंत्रण प्राप्त किय जा सकता है जिसका मुख्य आधार योगाभ्यास है। जिसमें नियमित रूप से आसन-प्राणायामों को किया जाता है। |