IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review
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Pages: 57-60 Education in current scenario involves lots of competition giving rise to academic stress in school children. It might emerge from anticipated academic challenges or failure. Support from parents, teachers and friends becomes all more important under these conditions. Lack of such support in the presence of academic stress might affect the psychological wellbeing of school children. Thus, the current study aims to see the association between academic stress, perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among school students. Sample comprised of 40 school students selected on the purposive basis using cross-sectional study design. Scales consisted of Academic stress scale (Kohn & Frazer, 1986), Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (Zimet & Dahlem, 1988) and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hiller, 1979). The analysis comprised of means, standard deviations and correlations by using SPSS (version-20.0). The result consisted of the effects of academic stress and perceived social support on the psychological wellbeing. |
Pages: 61-64 Social support helps individuals to reduce the amount of stress experienced and to cope better in dealing with stressful life situations (Dusselier, Dunn, Wang, Shelley, & Whalen, 2005). Mother plays an important role in raising a child to adulthood and equipping that child with the necessary skills and social support to enter successfully into society (Spoth & Conroy, 1993).In view of this the present study is conducted to study the impact of social support on self-efficacy among students of working and non-working mothers. Perceived Social Support Scales and General Self-Efficacy Scale are administered on sample of 120 undergraduate students. The results reveled that, students of working and non-working mothers with high social support have higher self-efficacy than the students of working and non-working mothers with low social support. |
Pages: 65-68 Happiness is the realization of one's potential. It consisted of the presence of pleasure and absence of pain. It emerges when several specific life conditions are met, such as self-acceptance, environmental mastery, personal growth, and relatedness. Very limited researches have been done on the Body Image and Emotional Well Being among University Students. So this research will be an attempt on this path. To see the relationship between body image and emotional well-being among university students. A sample of 223 university students (of both sexes) was selected by purposive sampling method from Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University Jaunpur, in the age range of 18-25 years. The major thrust of the present investigation was to study the Body image and emotional well-being among university students. Correlation analysis was used to measure the linear relationship between predicting and outcome variables. The body image variables are significantly correlated with emotional well being variables. Body image variables significantly positively correlated with Life satisfaction variables (.276**). Body image variables significantly positively correlated with Positive affect variables (.415**).Body image variables significantly correlated with Negative affect variables (-.240**). Body image variables significantly positively correlated with Social connectedness variables (.311**). In essence, the present study highlights the influence of emotional well-being on body image among university students. It can be said that the emotional well-being significantly influenced body image. |
Pages: 69-73 Most of life and psychological adjustment problems are in reality problems of meaning. The will of meaning is the primary motivational power of the human being. The basis of will of meaning is the feeling of responsibility every person has a mission and message in life. If someone has a reason to live, he/she will most likely endure anything and in anyway' (Morsi, 2002: 59). The current paper aims at identifying what identity crisis, brainwashing, and terrorism mean; the objectives of using brainwashing processes; the targeted groups of brainwashing; the manifestations of identity crisis; as well as the theoretical psychological explanations of identity crisis, brainwashing, and terrorism, and the relationships among them are discussed. |
Pages: 74-76 Twenty first century is the era of fitness and self awareness. Today, every human being wants to be fit and fine. This feeling has become stronger than ever before. The term self care is self awareness. In this digital age, preventive self care and the promotion of behavioural health and wellness is making more and more sense. Self care is not only related to physical fitness, but it also includes aspects like mental health and social matters. It has been seen, that some traits of personality that approach to the category of attitude are mode of adjustment to specific aspect of life situation. Exrtroversion and introversion are such an attitude trait. Jung (1960) held that a man is extrovert, when he gives importance to the outer world and takes the decisions accordingly. He is introvert, when a person takes the decisions according to his subjective preferences. Jung classified people into Extrovert, Introvert and Ambivert. It was hypothesized, that extrovert subjects would score more on self care measures than the introverts. Many studies support our hypothesis. 40 girls of govt. school studying in class 10 served as the subjects for this study. Test of Extroversion Introversion This test developed by Singh (1986) was used to measure the extroversion and introversion of the subjects. 2. Self Care Scale Self care is the dependent variable for the present study. It is a test designed by Tiwari and Verma. The objective of the present study is to measure the effect of personality type on self care. Personality type i.e. extroversion and introversion was taken as the independent variable, while self care was the dependent variable. When the average self care scores for introvert and extrovert personality were measured, it came to be 23.50 and 25.82 respectively. When we see t ratio, it is found to be significant, t= 2.21, p < .05, which indicates that the personality type ( introvert and extrovert ) certainly makes a difference in self care of our subjects. A significant t ratio shows, that both the personality types differ in their degree of self care. American Psychological Association(2000), Sceppento(2001), Silverman(2001) etc. have done the studies and found the same results, I.e., extrovert people take very good kind of self care as compared to the introverts. |
Pages: 77-80 The world's population reached 7.3 billion in mid 2015 and is projected to increase by more than one billion people within the next 15 years, reaching 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. 60% of the global population lives in Asia (4.4 billion). China (1.4 billion) and India (1.3 billion) remain the two most populous countries of the world, representing 19 and 18 percent of the world's population, respectively though India has only 2.4% of the world's land mass. Within seven years, the population of India is expected to surpass that of China1. In the year 2011, India had a population of 1.21 billion but what was alarming to note was that Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India (199 millions) had a population greater than Brazil which is the fifth largest country in the world in terms of its land area2. In 1951 and 2011, IMR was 146 and 50 respectively and so was TFR at 6 and 2.4 respectively clearly supporting mother and child health services as being the pillar stones for curbing the menace of population in our country. The high fertility could also be the result of India's high unmet need for family planning (12.8%) and lower contraceptive usage by the eligible couples (56.3% were using any method of family planning while 48.5% were using any modern method).7 The solution lies not only in contraceptive technology but in attempts to deal with the problems of ill-heath and disease in the country. Many measures were adopted in last one century to control population. This paper highlights various measures adopted for population control and reasons for their success or failure. |
Pages: 81-83 Sexual harassment of women at workplace is a threat not only for the working women but also for nation's economy. The impact of the harassment of sexual nature on the victims degrade the work efficiency besides generating many ill effects. The knowledge about the sexual harassment and its relevant elements is greatly required in order to control and regulate the same. The available review of the relatent literature helps us to understand thoroughly the term sexual harassment. The present research study attempts to explore about it and also to know about the attitude of working women of health and education sector workplaces of district Sirsa, Haryana. |
Pages: 84-88 Primary object of this studies based literature review is to analyze the effect of single parenthood on personality development of adolescents- where single parent is mother, and though working, but single parent. The past researches and studies suggest that parents play their key role in shaping and developing the personality of their growing teens directly and indirectly . So, what about the personality of those adolescents who live with their single parent. The status of single parenthood of such teens may be due to separation, divorce, or death of father. The point of interest here, is to analyze the personality pattern of such adolescents, in order to find the answer, whether they grow normally with a healthy personality as their those counterparts do, who are from those families where they enjoy the cajoling from their both parents . Usually, it is believed that the main cause of juvenile delinquency and adulthood criminality is absence of adequate paternal supervision. It is just single point. Such several points are taken up. Various personality domains of such adolescents are taken one by one , and the inferences are supported with the findings of the empirical studies, researches, experiments, and surveys- have held in this field. All of these efforts are made with a psychological perspective . For this purpose several past years, and recent, as well, studies are compiled to provide the abstract thoughts a concrete shape in form of present research paper. Such efforts will prove helpful to those mothers who are single parent of growing children and are facing such problems with their children. It also will prove helpful to formulate adequate plans, and policies, so that, such personalities deformities of adolescents can be prevented before they occur . |
Pages: 89-92 Individuals elaborate incidents happening around them through the intellectual content and fixed beliefs found in their previous e schema. For all people, beliefs about self, others and the world are formed during childhood. One of the deepest beliefs is core beliefs that are essential and fixed seen by individuals as absolute fact. (Beck and Beck, 2007, translated) Thus, these beliefs and ideas forming individual s' schema affect their perceptions, emotions and responses towards situations. Therefore, these beliefs allow normal individuals to cognitively assess what happens around them correctly and have positive emotions reflected on individuals' behaviors and life approach .Consequently; individulas feel positive feelings such as life satisfaction, comfort and joy resulting in happiness feelings. (Saleh, 2014). The psychological relativity theory explains the schema through construction factor assuming that a schema is a skeleton including the basic features of individuals' behavioral categories. This schema is regulated through individuals' experiences and affects their perception and responses in facing their environment. Thus a schema includes all cognitive constructs related to a certain life subject. Happy individulas are characterized with mature schemata that are clear and specified. Individuals are aware of them and through which they behave consciously and automatically. Schemata characterizing constructive activity leading to happiness are : cognitive representational (figurative) schemata, emotional schemata, incentive schemata, behaveoral and physiological schemata. Happy individuals explain a situation using cognitive criterion, namely specification; that is an error is not generalized on all situations, moderateness, quietness, realism, goodness expectancy and selection while judging matters. (Shalaby, 2001). Therefore, happiness is considered a common pursuit for all human beings. It is a one of the objectives and a dimension of mental health. It is also one of the determinants of healthy personality. Aptitudes to happiness or misery are formed during childhood. In adolescence, these aptitudes develop as a result of the interaction between inherited factors and socialization. Relatively, these aptitudes are fixed during adulthood and throughout life course. If aptitudes to happiness are higher and aptitudes to misery are lower, the adult becomes more optimistic looking to the most brightening sides of life. Judging the level of happiness is determined by individuals themselves and according to their feelings appraisal in general not currently only. Personal happiness self reports were reliable despite the changing circumstances and time passing. (Basha & Abdel Satar, 2015) This research aims to shed light on theories explaining schemata and happiness as well as the relations between both of them |
Pages: 93-96 Alcohol use continues to be a major problem from pre-adolescence through young adulthood in India. Results of recent neuroscience research have substantiated the deleterious effects of alcohol on adolescent brain development, and added even more evidence to support the call to prevent and reduce underaged drinking. More of the focus is being laid upon the adolescent alcohol abuse prevention program is because of the reason is that the habits that are inculcated in the adolescent period lasts for a long period of time. The integration of alcohol use prevention programs in the community and our educational system from elementary school through college should be promoted by expert psychiatrists, psychologists, counselors, and the health care community. Counsellors, psychologists, psychiatrists, and parents play a vital role in screening substance abuse. It is not always the questionnaires that assess the use of substance abuse of the youngsters, but there are many behavioral and physiological changes that youngsters go through, when substance abuse really occurs. School officials and parents should be knowledgeable enough about substance abuse to be able to recognize risk factors for alcohol and other substance abuse among youth, screen for use, provide appropriate brief interventions, and refer to treatment. |
Pages: 97-101 “Pressure has the power to create a diamond, but it has to be the "right" pressure.” - Shannon L. Alder A human being, being a social animal highly requires a peer group, a group of people who are approximately of the same age, status and interest, for its survival. A peer is a person who is of equal standing with another in a group. Peers serve many important roles in the life of a developing child. From toddlerhood through adolescence, peers serve to meet the individual's need for acceptance and belonging. They provide valuable messages regarding their socialization, through words and actions, which behaviors are acceptable and which are not. Almost everyone has experienced peer pressure before; either positive or negative. Peer pressure is the influence of a peer group, observers, or an individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform to those of the influencing group or individual. Social groups affected include both membership groups, in which individuals are "formally" members, and cliques in which membership is not clearly defined. Hereby, we will discuss the major two forms of peer pressure, its effects, causes and methods of dealing with them. The most obvious and expected form is the negative peer pressure, which are the ill effects of peer pressure, where the individual confirms to the group norms (even if being harmful to the individual) to stay as a part of the group. Another form is the positive peer pressure which is mostly referred as effects of 'good friendship'. It can help the individual to analyze themselves and contemplate on their ways of life. Looking at what others do, can help them bring about a positive change in their way of thinking. If can be picked selectively, peer pressure can actually result in a positive change in their way of life. Judicially we have to map it to achieve our final goal. |
Pages: 102-109 Traditionally, psychologists and other professionals have been relying on the notion of punishment to deal with challenging and maladaptive behaviours of children with special needs and even with well functioning children. It had worked and had lead to significant changes in challenging behaviours of children. It followed strict behavioural approach. The new approach to deal with challenging behaviours that has emerged is a blend of positive psychology and applied behavioural analysis. This is often known as positive behavioral support. This is more broad based approach focusing on children's strengths, context of the behaviour and motivations behind those behaviours. Positive behavioral support (PBS) is a comprehensive, research-based proactive approach to behavioral support that endeavors to generate comprehensive change for children with challenging behavior. It involves identifying the purpose of challenging behavior, teaching appropriate alternative responses that serve the same purpose as the challenging behavior, consistently rewarding positive behaviors and minimizing the rewards for challenging behavior, and minimizing the physiological, environmental, and curricular elements that trigger challenging behavior. Proven PBS strategies include altering the classroom environment, increasing predictability and scheduling, increasing choice making, reinforcing positive behaviors, and teaching replacement skills. The current paper will focus on the various positive behavioral support strategies that are helpful in working with children displaying challenging behaviours. |
Pages: 110-117 With current statistics of more than 160 million children in India, it becomes imperative for all counsellors, educators, parents, policymakers and stakeholders to work in collaboration to make our children an empathetic, responsible and resourceful global citizen. The disciplinary problem, degrading morals and ethics and rising concerns in behavioural development amongst children have become a major challenge. This research papermaps the directive principles of discipline in a school; the effects of proactive, reactive and punitive approach; root causes attributing to the students discipline problems; how to cope with the disciplinary problems through positive interventions. A qualitative analysis of few cases cited in the paper is an effort to understand and promote self-discovery among the children and create an urge to lead from within. Social-emotional learning (SEL),” the process through which children and adults acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to understand and manage emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain positive relationships, and make responsible decisions”is used to develop discipline among students. SEL is a promising approach that is able to reduce risky behaviours, increase desirable behaviours, brings emotional stability and thus results in promoting positive development. |
Pages: 118-120 Learning Disability happens to be a chronic condition of a presumed neurological origin which selectively interferes with the development, integration, and demonstration of verbal and nonverbal abilities. Past experiences reveal that Learning Disability is something that can't be outgrown nor 'cured' by medication, therapy, or expert tutoring. Thus, an individual with Learning Disability gets to face multiple hurdles in day to day life. In order to make like a bit easier for such individuals, this study tries to connect the dots between an individual with LD and the prenatal factors, the delivery conditions, the early schooling environment of his mother. The current study aims at investigating some specific factors common in the history of children with learning disability. The objective of the present research is to understand the causes of learning disability in children and to find out the most dominant factors. This study started with the hypothesis that there would be a positive relationship between mother's bed rest and medication during pregnancy & learning disability. Also early school difficulties of the child and learning disability were expected to be significantly correlated. The study concluded on a positive relationship among mother's bed rest, mother taking medication during pregnancy, early school difficulties of the child and learning disability. |
Pages: 121-123 Sports philanthropy has grown into a major endeavor in the past several decades, with more attention and research finally beginning to be devoted to the area. So, the present study was planned to study the sports achievements of contact, semi-contact and non-contact sports at national level. The results indicated that the psychological variables (Power of Motive, Motive to achieve success, Motive to Avoid Failure) was not found to have significant differences in contact & semi-contact players, contact & non-contact players, semi-contact & non contact players at national level. |
Pages: 124-127 Many research studies have shown that marriage is the central relationship for most adults and has wide range of beneficial effects for mental and physical health. We draw the judgment, after looking across many journals and disciplines, that there is persuasive longitudinal evidence for such effects specifically for men, but for women instead of marriage, it's the quality of marriage that has beneficial effects for physical and psychological health. Satisfying marriages seem to enhance both men's and women's health, but stressful marriages may have detrimental effects. Instead stressful marriages also may be less healthy for some people than being single; hence this paper examines an accumulating modern literature on the health benefits of marital relationships and also effects of marital quality on women's health. |
Pages: 128-130 All the political systems are embedded in their historical past, though they work differently in different political and social settings. Democracy and representative institutions are however, by no means entirely new to India. Existence of some deliberative representative bodies and democratic self governing institutions could be traced back to as early as the Vedic age. Even in Ancient period, justice, religion and law were closely interconnected. The King, with the assistance of his ministers, carried on the Kingdom's administration. There was no separation of powers between legislative and judicial bodies of the state. They functioned co-operatively with each other under the authority of the King. In this article an attempt has been made to trace the historical background of representative institutions in India. After that the development, functioning and relationship between these institutions has been also discussed. |
Pages: 131-133 In order to understand how depression occurs, it is important to gain an in-depth understanding of several concepts. One cannot attribute the cause of depression to just a mere chemical imbalance. It is important to recognize that depression is a multi-dimensional disorder. There are several standpoints that need to be adopted in order to have a better understanding of the mode of intervention that needs to be applied. In order to prescribe a possible therapy to any patient, we also need to understand the various theoretical approaches that can be used for treatment. In this article, the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral approaches have been analyzed. After gaining insight into these approaches, it can be inferred that both approaches of therapy can be used in the course of treatment for depression. However, applying both the models together facilitates a holistic understanding of the problem and also aids in dealing with it from a multifaceted approach. |
Pages: 134-136 Poverty is the inability to get the minimum requirements of life. These minimum requirements include food, clothing, housing, education and basic health requirement. Some researchers view it as a reaction to the stress of being poor, whereas other perceives it as a process of adapting to the condition of poverty. Haryana is an agriculturally prosperous state. A large majority of population of the state is either engaged or dependent on agriculture. In Haryana, percentage of population living below poverty line is less than national average, but it is still higher than the neighboring states of Punjab and Himanchal Pradesh. The present paper reviews on causes and alleviation strategies and programmes in Haryana state. |
Pages: 137-139 आज टेलीविजन मनोरंजन का एक प्रमुख स्त्रोत है। टेलीविजन पर प्रसारित चैनलों की दिनप्रतिदिन भरमार होती जा रही है। इन चैनलों पर विभिन्न प्रकार के कार्यक्रम प्रस्तुत किए जाते हैं। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में जी टीवी और स्टार प्लस पर प्रसारित नारी प्रधान धारावाहिकों का पारिवारिक परिवर्तन में योगदान पर प्रकाश डाला गया है। जी टीवी और स्टार प्लस दोनों निजी चैनल हैं जो कि लगभग नारी प्रधान धारावाहिकों की प्रस्तुति देते है, इसके साथ-साथ मनोरंजन एवं शिक्षाप्रद कार्यक्रम भी प्रस्तुत किए जाते हैं। इस अध्ययन में विशेषकर महिलाओं की रूचि पर ध्यान किया गया है। अध्ययन में यह पता किया गया है कि धारावाहिक समाज को सही दिशा दिखाने में समर्थ है। |
Pages: 433-437 Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by M Lepare. It affects mainly the peripheral nerves. It also affects the skin, muscles, eyes, bones, testes, and internal organs. In India, leprosy is known since ancient times as Kustiaroga and attributed to punishment or cause from God. During the middle ages, leprosy was widespread in almost all countries of the world. Thereafter, it declined slowly in many countries, partly due to strict isolation and partly due to improvements in the standard of living and the quality of life of the people. The study aimed to assess psychological distress and quality of life among persons with leprosy. This cross sectional study included 60 persons with Leprosy from Leprosy colony of Telangana, India, after obtaining their written consent. A semi-structured tool was used to elicit socio-demographic details. The psychological distress was assessed with DASS (21 items) and quality of life was assessed with WHOQOL-BREF (25 items). Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics tests and T-test were used. Ethical issues have been followed while conducting the study. It was found that majority of the respondents have psychological distress without any significant difference in male and female respondents which means both respondents psychological distress scale was elevating in depression, anxiety and stress domains due to leprosy and all most all domains of quality of life shows respondents were having poor quality of life. The findings from this study indicates that there was enormous scope for the social workers, they need to play various roles like preventive, curative, developmental and remedial roles for reducing psychological distress and to improve their quality of life among persons with leprosy. |
Pages: 438-442 Stress represents any disruption or difficulty that may occur in life (Brower, 1990). Stress affects the lives of many individuals on a regular basis. One group particularly susceptible to stress is that of college students (Brower, 1990). Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to an ability to recognize the meanings of emotions and their relationships and to reason and solve problems on the basis of them. The study was conducted on 201 (Boys=101, Girls=100) students . All the students were BS.C. first year students and all were hostellers. College student stress scale (developed by researcher 2012) and Mangal Emotional Inelligence Inventory (Mangal & Mangal, 2006) were used. The objectives of the study was to know the gender difference on academic stress and emotional Intelligence. The obtained results indicated that boys and girls experience similar levels of environmental, family financial & hostel stresses however girls report feeling more stressed in the area of academics than boys. No difference exists between boys and girls on any of the areas of E.I. |
Pages: 443-446 This study examined the impact of obesity on self-esteem of obese and non-obese adolescent boys and girls. The study involved 2 (obese versus non-obese) x 2 (adolescent boys versus adolescent girls) factorial design. The participants of these four groups were compared with respect to their scores on the self-esteem measure. Sixty obese and sixty non-obese adolescents (aged 14-19 yrs) were purposively sampled from various educational institutions and gymnasia. For this study both overweight and obese adolescents on the basis of their BMI score as classified by WHO were taken into consideration. Analysis of data indicated that obese individuals possessed lower self-esteem as compared to non-obese individuals. Adolescent boys' level of self-esteem was higher than that of adolescent girls. Though the findings are not new and has been revealed in several western studies, the current study focuses on the Indian context of it. |
Pages: 447-449 Adolescent age is the age of changes. In this age adolescents are in dilemma, whether they are child or they are now matured person. Adolescent age is working as bridge between childhood and adulthood. In this age adolescents merely confused to their identity. If they are not able to find healthy pattern of identity, they have to face identity crisis and they indulge in the antisocial activities. There are gender differences in the formation of identity. The present study is an attempt to find out the gender difference on Identity formation of the adolescents. For this purpose the study was conducted on 300 adolescents which were further categorized into three groups i.e 7-8 grade, 9-10 grade and 11-12 grade. To compare the gender differences inferential and descriptive statistics were used. And found that there were the gender differences on identity formation. |
Pages: 450-455 The growth of positive psychology as an increasingly influential force in theory and research reflects increased scientific interest in the relation to positive health states and corresponding potential as intervention for promoting positive emotions, thoughts, and understandings to improve health and well-being. It motivates individual to live a high-quality life. Such life comes from the assumption that holds the greatest value in life. It deals with the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. Such a life leads to health and wellbeing of all the aspects of life. Positive forces play a major role in life. Research supports that positive states (Gratitude, Optimism and hope) serve a buffering function against the problems, stressors, and disorders of life. The present study sought to present an review based observation of the relationship of positive health states like Gratitude, Hope, Optimism with health. |