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Pages:278-283
Shailendra Kumar Mishra (Provincial Civil Servant in India, Founder of Mission Chetna, New York)

Hitherto, psychologist have achieved many success in the treatment of various mental diseases by using psychological principles of ''counter conditioning'' and ''desensitization''. This research indicates a new process of removing the inability of physically disabled people through the use of the principles of counter conditioning and systematic desensitization. In fact, due to physical disability, lack of sense organ or body part, low-cognitive map of ability i.e. in form of ''cognitive inability'' is conditioned with every challenges or opportunity or task coming in way of their life day to day. This is due to the fact that people with disabilities often receive negative remarks by the society related to their body and ability which leads to the development of low self-esteem as suggested by Bandura and Woods (1989) i.e., their low perceived self-belief lowered their perceived self-efficiency, hence , low cognitive map of their ability (World Health Organization). From the rating of the research questionnaire put before 60 sample of disabled people from same social , economic background, there was found a low cognitive map of ability in them. On the other hand, when the same questionnaire are rated on 60 sample of physically normal people from the same social & economic background, the said cognitive inability was found negligible in them. But when we have done skill training of that group of disabled persons gradually and systematically, their low cognitive map of ability has been desensitized with new challenges, opportunities of their lives and then a '' cognitive map of ability '' is counter conditioned in place of low cognitive map or inability as results are seen. Actually the gap between the level of ''apparent ability'' and ''real ability'' of disabled person, which is more than that, can be filled by a process of systematic and gradual skill training as many psychologists like Compton and Logan (1991) has found in their studies that with practicing any skill response time of a stimuli will become quick. This is actually ''cognitive inability illusions'' developed as conditioned response against new challenges, tasks or opportunities in way of his life. Learning of new skill reciprocally inhibit to CR (conditioned response) in form of ''cognitive map of inability'' and this, in turn, change the cognitive map of inability in to self-confidence in his ability, i.e., cognitive map of ability as conditioned response are counter conditioned. We have also measured the ''apparent ability'' and ''real ability'' of persons with disabilities in form of self-estimation of ability in order of increasing level of challenges or tasks gradually given to them, before and after gradual skill trainings. The most important aspect of this study along with its educational, social and policy making importance, is that we can eradicate ''inability illusions'' or change cognitive map of inability of disabled people by facilitating a systematic and gradual skill training programme to them according to their interest and hence achieve their potential ability in behaviour.
Pages:278-283 Shailendra Kumar Mishra (Provincial Civil Servant in India, Founder of Mission Chetna, New York)
Pages:284-287
Somy Thettayil and Rosalito De Guzman (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)

Oppositional defiant disorder is one of the most frequent behavioral problems of children which is characterized by forms of aggression such as physical harm, argumentativeness, active defiance and disobedience. It influence adversely on individual, social, educational and other areas of individuals' functioning. Understanding the need of an intervention which target the aggression of children with oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and making the child more socially oriented with prosocial behaviors the researcher developed the 'Social Cognitive Experiential Play Intervention (SCEPI)' based on the Social information processing and cognitive theories in a play therapy paradigm to reduce aggression and to enhance prosocial behavior. The newly developed intervention was exposed to expert's evaluation by six inter- disciplinary specialists and a feasibility test was piloted with ten children having oppositional defiant disorder symptoms who were in high aggression and low prosocial behavior. The intervention was really made positive impact in participants and the analysis of the pilot study showed significant reduction in aggression and increase in prosocial behavior among the children.
Pages:284-287 Somy Thettayil and Rosalito De Guzman (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)
Pages:288-293
Namrata Bhattacharyya and Nishat Afroz (Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)

Workplace spirituality is one of the fastest growing areas of research in management and human development and organizations over the world have sought to incorporate spirituality into their work culture in the hopes of solving modern day work challenges. The relationship between workplace spirituality and employee attitudes has been an important area of research since its inception. Workplace spirituality is a multi-faceted construct and numerous researches over the years have outlined the principal dimensions of workplace spirituality according to their own conceptualizations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the most frequently cited dimensions of workplace spirituality and to study their relation to the most prevalent work-related outcomes by discussing the existing literature, reviewing findings and exploring the theoretical connections between them.
Pages:288-293 Namrata Bhattacharyya and Nishat Afroz (Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh)
Pages:294-299
Jiju George Arakkathara and Lucila O. Bance (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)

Stress related to the parenting of children with intellectual disabilities often leads to emotional burn out, physical exhaustion and social isolation. In Indian context and culture, mothers are more affected with the disability of the child. It adversely affects their psychological well-being. Since parental stress, resilience and well-being are inter connected development of resilience by strengthening the protective factors will help to alleviate the impact of parental stress and thus enhance well-being. This research attempts the Development and Implementation of the Intervention Program: Promotion of Well-being, Resilience and Stress management (POWER) among Mothers of children with Intellectual Disability. It has the theoretical basis on Transactional theory of Stress, PERMA Model of Well-being, Middle range theory of Resilience and Mindfulness-based cognitive theory. The assessment tools used are Parental Stress Scale (PSS), Ryff's Scale of Psychological Well-being (RSPW) and Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Mixed research method particularly sequential exploratory design is used in this a study. The first phase of the study is the development and evaluation of the intervention applying descriptive research method and the second phase is testing the efficacy of the intervention using Solomon Four Group Research Design. The intervention was subjected to expert validation by seven inter disciplinary experts and feasibility study was conducted among Ten(10) mothers who were in moderate level of parental stress and low level of well-being and resilience. Results of the pilot study showed significant decrease in the parental stress and remarkable increase in the resilience and well-being level of the participants.
Pages:294-299 Jiju George Arakkathara and Lucila O. Bance (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila…
Pages:300-304
John Lourdusamy and Sally Caballero (Department of Psychology, The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Espana, Manila, Philippines)

Widows in India are different from the rest of the world because of their religious beliefs and cultural values. Once the husband dies, the woman loses her identity and suffers social death. They are considered as "bad luck" and cursed (Chandrasekhar & Ghosh, 2018). They are not allowed to remarry. Many times young widows are sexually abused by the members of their own family. They face multiple forms of social discrimination. Recognizing the need of a therapeutic intervention for widows who are suffering from mild to moderate depression, the researcher developed the Integrated Well-being Intervention program (IWI) integrating the Mindfulness -Based Cognitive Theory and Well-Being Theory to enhance psychological well-being of widows and reduce depression. A feasibility test was conducted with ten widows who were in moderate depression. Data were collected through Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being (SPWB), semi-structure interview as well as focus group discussion were conducted, the data were statistically analyzed by using descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, and paired sample t-test. Pre-test and post-test scores of the study showed significant differences (p = .001) at 0.05 level. The intervention was subjected to expert's validation and was positively received by the participants. The results of the pilot study showed a significant decrease in depression and increase in the psychological well-being of the widows.
Pages:300-304 John Lourdusamy and Sally Caballero (Department of Psychology, The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas…
Pages:305-310
A. George and Rosalito De Guzman (The Graduate School, University of Santo Thomas, Manila, Philippines)

HIV is a major global public health issue today. The day to day confrontations of various stressful situations in the lives of the people living with HIV drag them into the shadows of hopelessness and meaninglessness. Perceiving this scenario, the researcher aimed to develop an intervention to enhance the meaning in life and to alleviate death anxiety among the adult men living with HIV and to pilot test its viability and usability in the clinical practice. The study made use of The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) to assess levels of the meaning of life and death anxiety the adult men living with HIV face. For the better understanding of the situation the researcher conducted need-assessment survey, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Based on these assessment procedures, the researcher developed a nine-modular intervention program, CBT based acceptance commitment logo-therapeutic meaning management program (CALM), an intervention based on the meaning management theory to enhance meaning of life and to alleviate death anxiety among the adult men living with HIV. The content of CALM was validated by six inter-disciplinary experts and it proved to be excellent. The pilot was tested among ten adult men living with HIV. CALM showed large effect of enhancement of the meaning in life and decrease in death anxiety of the participants in the study.
Pages:305-310 A. George and Rosalito De Guzman (The Graduate School, University of Santo Thomas, Manila, Philippines)
Pages:01-07
Thomas Kuttiankal and Lucila O. Bance (Department of Guidance and Counseling, Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)

Prevention is better than cure. The purpose of this research study was to develop an effective, and appropriate intervention program for young adults (18-25 years old) in order to help them to alleviate depressive symptoms and to enhance psychological well-being, and prevent them from entering into dangerously higher level of depression. The present study thematized and tested the newly developed intervention called, Cognitive Spiritual Intervention Program (CSIP) on depressive symptoms and psychological well-being of young adults. A total population of 350 young adults from Bangalore Metro city, India, participated in the assessment through questionnaires. The study's two phases. Phase I: Development of the CSIP employing mixed method particularly sequential exploratory method and Phase II: Assessment of the efficacy of the CSIP employing true experimental research method, Pre-Post-Test Control group design. The mean scores and standard deviation values of depressive symptoms were measured with Hopkins Symptoms Check List-25 (HSCL-25), and psychological well-being with Scale of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB). Paired or the finding showed that, Cognitive Spiritual Intervention Program is an effective intervention tool. The highest to the lowest contributing subscale to psychological well-being. The result confirmed the effectiveness of intervention. Keywords: depressive symptoms, psychological well-being, cognitive, spirituality DOI:
Pages:01-07 Thomas Kuttiankal and Lucila O. Bance (Department of Guidance and Counseling, Graduate School, University of…
Pages:08-11
Majid Jamehbozorgi, Abbas Rahiminezhad, and Elahe Hejazi (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran)

The purpose of the present research was to study the relation of academic identity statuses, dimensions of identity and demographic variables with academic adjustment in first-year students (junior students). For this reason among students (male & female) 302 people of art and science (engineering) faculties from Azad Borojerd University were studied by random two stages cluster sampling method. For determination of academic adjustment used Barrow Academic Adjustment Questionnaire which is included 90 statements that it measures 6 subscales which each consider some aspects of adjustment. Reliability of the questionnaire was0.92 and concurrent validity of total score of adjustment with academic performance was0.35 which obtained in Barrow studies. Academic identity statuses (AIS) were measured with was and Isaacson questionnaire and dimensions of identity was measured with Laiks (DIDS) scale. Findings of present research showed that among four academic identity statuses , achieved academic identity at α<0.05 and moratorium academic identity at α<0.01 predicted academic adjustment. Also it was recognized that identification with commitment was only variable from dimensions of identity which its variations cause changes in academic adjustment and only this can make such variation. At sum academic identity statuses, dimensions of identity, and demographic variables in regression analysis predicted 13 percent of variances of academic adjustment. Keywords: academic adjustment, dimensions of identity, academic identity statuses DOI: https://doi.org/10.15614/ijpp.v11i01.2
Pages:08-11 Majid Jamehbozorgi, Abbas Rahiminezhad, and Elahe Hejazi (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of…
Pages:12-15
Mandana Matinzadeh, Fatemeh Bahrami, and Taher Tizdast (Department of Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon branch, Tonekabon, Iran)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive-metaphorical group counseling based on Rumi's Masnavi on reducing rumination and increasing cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy in depressed housewives. This study was quasi-experimental based on pretest-posttest and follow-up with control and follow-up groups. The sample in this study consisted of 36 married and housewives of Isfahani (resident in Isfahan) who had the highest level of depression (17-29) based on Beck questionnaire and randomly divided into two groups. Experiments and controls were replaced. Research tools included rumination questionnaire, general self-efficacy questionnaire, and cognitive flexibility questionnaire. The experimental group participated in eight sessions of cognitive-metaphorical group counseling based on Rumi's Masnavi. Analysis of data using repeated measures ANOVA showed that this intervention increased cognitive flexibility (p<0.005). And self-efficacy (p<0.05) and rumination decline (p<0.05) in the experimental group had a significant effect on the post test and these effects continued until the follow-up. This study may have useful implications for the development of preventive and therapeutic education programs to improve the mental health of housewives. Keywords: cognitive-metaphorical counseling, rumination, cognitive flexibility, self-efficacy, depressed women DOI: https://doi.org/10.15614/ijpp.v11i01.3
Pages:12-15 Mandana Matinzadeh, Fatemeh Bahrami, and Taher Tizdast (Department of Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon branch…
Pages:16-19
Samira Karimi (Department General of Psychology, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran) Mitra Mahmoodi (Department of Psychology, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran)

The purpose of this study was to predict addiction tendency based on youth lifestyle and cultural capital. For this purpose, 136 youths living in Fasa prison were selected by convenience sampling and they answered addiction tendency questionnaire, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ), Cultural Capital Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. Findings showed that cognitive emotion regulation, lifestyle and cultural capital had a positive and significant relationship with youth addiction tendency. Also, only all components of cultural capital had a negative and significant relationship with the tendency to marry young people, and there was no significant relationship between the components of lifestyle. Regression results also showed that the results showed 11.4% of youth addiction tendency changes it is explained by the variables of emotion regulation and 43.8% of the changes in the tendency for youth addiction by the components of cultural capital. Keywords: tendency to addiction, lifestyle, cultural capital DOI:
Pages:16-19 Samira Karimi (Department General of Psychology, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran) Mitra Mahmoodi (Department…
Pages:20-25
Silvi Jose and Julom Angelina (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)

Suicide is a public health problem and the second leading cause of death among adolescents and youth. There are 800,000 people dying every year. Most of the young who commit suicide have a history of psychological problems of mood disorder, substance abuse or dependence. Personal and interpersonal problems lead to depression and suicide ideation among young adults. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement an adjunct therapeutic intervention for young adults having depression and suicide ideation. The researcher developed a Psycho-Spiritual Meaning Intervention (PSMI) integrating theories of cognitive, mindfulness and meaning management and coined a name as “LeHo-FiHo”, an acronym for leaving home to find home an inward journey of transformation and renewal. Psychospiritual intervention is aimed to reduce depression and suicide ideation of young adults who are under pharmacotherapy. This study used mixed research method especially sequential exploratory design. This study was conducted in two phases: the first phase was the development of the intervention and the second phase was the experimental validation of the intervention. This intervention was subjected to expert validation. The result of the study shows a significant decrease in depression and suicide ideation among the young adults. The statistical analysis was done by using mean scores, MANOVA, paired sample test and Cohen's d. The pretest and post-test scores of the experimental group indicated significant differences (p=.001) at 0.05 level in the paired sample test and Cohens'd test confirmed large effect of the intervention program. The result reveled that PSMI was effective in reducing depression and suicide ideation of young adults. Keywords: depression, suicide ideation, LeHo-FiHo, young adults DOI:
Pages:20-25 Silvi Jose and Julom Angelina (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines)
Pages:30-32
Reena and Bimla Dhanda (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I. C. College of Home Sciences, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana)

The study was conducted in five cultural zones of Haryana state. For the rural sample 400 widow elderly women of age group 60-75 years were selected. Quality of life scale developed by World Health Organization (1997) was accessed to quality of life of widow elderly women. The questionnaire short form-36 health survey by Mchorney (1993) was used to assess the health status of widow elderly women. Clearly shows that relationship between aspects of perceived health status and quality of life among widow elderly women. Physical aspects of quality of life was positively significantly correlated with vitality (r =0.13**, p<0.01), body pain (r =0.39**, p<0.01), physical role functioning (r= 0.23**, p<0.01), mental health ((r =0.10*, p<0.01) negatively significantly correlated with general health perception (r = - 0.17**, p<0.01) and emotional role functioning (r = - 0.28**, p<0.01). Psychological aspects of quality of life was positively significantly correlated with physical functioning (r =0.13**, p<0.01) and body pain (r =0.10*, p<0.05). Another aspects social relationship of quality of life was negatively significantly correlated with physical functioning (r = - 0.18**, p<0.01), body pain (r = - 0.12**, p<0.01) and social role functioning (r = - 0.11**, p<0.01), Physical role functioning, Emotional role function was negatively correlated with (r = 0.28**, p<0.01). Further aspects of environment was positively significantly correlated with vitality (r = 0.09*, p<0.05), Physical Functioning (r = 0.46**, p<0.01), body pain (r = 0.14**, p<0.01), General health perception (r = 0.30**, p<0.01) and physical role functioning (r = - 0.09*, p<0.05). Keywords: quality of life, perceived health, widow elderly women and cultural zones DOI: https://doi.org/10.15614/ijpp.v11i01.7
Pages:30-32 Reena and Bimla Dhanda (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, I. C. College of…
Pages:33-34
Shravan K. Dixit and Jyotsna Sinha (Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh)

Gratitude did not have equal status among virtues. One of the reasons for its second tier status in modern society is that gratitude seems incompatible with modern values, especially achievement. Gratitude seems to negatively affect achievement motivation as grateful individuals are content with their current conditions and prefer status quo. This study is an attempt to explore the relationship between gratitude and achievement motivation among undergraduate students. The Gratitude Questionnaire 6-item form (GQ-6) and Deo-Mohan Achievement Motivation Scale were administered to 125 undergraduate students. Correlational analysis shows no relation (r=.147, p = .114) between gratitude and achievement motivation. Finding of this study supports the idea that gratitude is not incompatible with achievement motivation. If anything it mildly supports the achievement. Keywords: well-being, virtue, correlation DOI:
Pages:33-34 Shravan K. Dixit and Jyotsna Sinha (Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Motilal Nehru National…
Pages:35-45
Minimol Joseph and Lucila O. Bance (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, The Philippines)

The present study investigated a child-centered therapeutic program known as Compassion focused Visual Art Therapy (CVAT) for female children who were sexually abused. The study was based on the theoretical and therapeutic foundations of the Self-compassion Theory, Shame Resilience Theory, Compassion-focused Therapy and Art Therapy. There were 'two group randomized controlled trial' with 36 children who were sexually abused and were residing at child welfare centres in Kerala, India. Self-Compassion Scale and Trauma Related Shame Inventory were used as assessment tools. This study was conducted in two phases; Phase I: development of CVAT and Phase II: the assessment of effectiveness of the CVAT, employing true experimental research method. The results were analyzed using mean scores, paired sample t-test, t-test for independent sample and Cohen's d test. The statistical analysis between the pre-test and post-test scores of experimental group showed significant differences (p=.001) at 0.05 level and the scores of the experimental and control groups showed significant difference (p=.001) in both variables in the post test. CVAT is efficacious in enhancing self-compassion and reducing trauma-related shame of the sexually abused children.
Pages:35-45 Minimol Joseph and Lucila O. Bance (The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila…
Pages:46-51
Pooja Kaushik, Asha Chawla, and Deepika Vig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, Punjab)

The present study was carried out on 240 adolescents (120 rural & 120 urban) in the age group of 16-18 years from government schools of Ludhiana District to understand relationship of altruism and empathy among rural and urban adolescents. For data collection, socio-personal information sheet, Altruism Scale (Rai & Singh, 2004) and Empathy Scale (Dubey & Tandon, 2014) were used. The results revealed that rural adolescents were highly altruistic and empathetic as compared to urban adolescents. Large proportion of the rural and urban adolescents had high level of altruism and empathy. Rural adolescents had significantly better mean scores as compared to urban adolescents at average level as well as overall altruism and empathy. Significant and positive correlation existed between altruism and empathy among rural adolescents indicating higher was the altruistic attitude, more was the empathy in adolescents.
Pages:46-51 Pooja Kaushik, Asha Chawla, and Deepika Vig (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab…
Pages:52-54
Prachi Bisht (Department of Human Development, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab) Lata Pande (Department of Home Science, D.S.B Campus, Kumaon University, Nainital, Uttarakhand)

In Military forces there is a process of deployment of soldiers or military personnel. The soldiers are deployed very frequently in active field areas, high altitude areas and routine exercise that create a separation between the family and the military personnel. Separation could be longer as well as for short duration influencing them emotionally, psychologically and mentally leading to distress, anxiety, loneliness (Demers, 2009). These distressed psychological well-being creates negative impacts on the physical health. The present study was conducted among the spouses of deployed Indian Military personnel in Suratgarh, Rajasthan. Total sample size comprised of 150 subjects. Psychological well being was assessed using Psychological well-being scale by Sisodia and Chaudhary and Physical health was assessed using Health cards provided by military hospital and by using self developed physical health scale. The paper unleashes the impact created by psychological well-being on physical health of the spouses of deployed soldiers' wives. The results revealed overall psychological well-being, efficiency and mental health are positively and significantly correlated with overall physical health of the subjects. Keywords: psychological well-being, physical health, mental health DOI:
Pages:52-54 Prachi Bisht (Department of Human Development, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab) Lata Pande (Department of Home…
Pages:55-58
Anamika Das and Divya Arora (Department of Psychology, Kamala Nehru College, Delhi University, New Delhi)

Personality can be explained as an array of unique behavioural episodes which can determine a person's adjustments to various situations of life. It influences how individuals approach life in general and how they response in face of adversities. Resilience is closely linked to sustaining efforts when challenges arises, and is characterized by believing that good outcomes will arise even when the life situation is not at par. The aim of the research was to assess the relationship between Personality and Resilience in young adults. For this, a sample of 150 young adults in age group between 18-25 years was selected using convenience sampling was used. They were assessed on NEO FFI-3 and Resilience scale and later the results were computed using SPSS. In analysis of the data, a Correlational Design (Pearson Product Moment Correlation) was used to check if any significant relationship exist between Big Five Factor personality components in relation to resilience. The results indicated that Resilience was (at a significant level) positively correlated to Conscientiousness, Openness to experience, Extraversion and negatively correlated with Neuroticism. No significant correlation was found between Agreeableness and Resilience. Keywords: big five personality, conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness DOI:
Pages:55-58 Anamika Das and Divya Arora (Department of Psychology, Kamala Nehru College, Delhi University, New Delhi)
Pages:59-63
S.T. Leena (Department of Counselling Psychology, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Sreekariyam, Akkulam Road, Trivandrum) S. Raju (Department of Psychology, Kariyavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Trivandrum)

The study aims to find out the effectiveness of counselling in reducing depression among the elderly who suffer from diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease which affects the health and psychological state of a person. In the present investigation 30 diabetic patients are studied. 15 patients were given counselling as an intervention to manage depression. Another 15 participants were kept as control group not exposing to psychological intervention. The study result shows significant difference in level of depression before and after intervention, between control group and experimental group. The materials used are a personal data schedule, DASS 21, and MMSE. ANCOVA is used for the analysis of data. The study portrays that counselling is effective in managing depression among diabetic patients.

Keywords: depression, counselling, diabetes mellitus

DOI:
Pages:59-63 S.T. Leena (Department of Counselling Psychology, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Sreekariyam, Akkulam Road, Trivandrum) S…
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